1) DECISION PER CURIAN:
A per curian is a court opinion issue of in the name of the court rather than specific judges. Leost decisions on the merit by the court take the form of one or more opinions written and signed by individual justice. Often, other judges /justice will join these opinionn ,even when these signed opinion one unanimous , they are not per curiam , as the judges/justice mames still appear.
Per curiam decisions are given that cabel by the court issueing opinion and these opinion tend to be short yhe opinion will typically deal with issue which the issueing court views as relatirely von controversial.
2) IMPORTANCE OF PROCEDURAL LAW
It comprises of the set of rules that governs the proceding of the court in criminal cases as
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:criminal procedure code ,evidence act. Civil procedure code.
3) NEED FOR ORDER AND JUSTICE IN LUMAN SOCIETY:
The main function of every legal system in the world is to ensure order and justice is maintained in the society so that peace and tranquility is kept in the society. Order and justice primarily keeps the equity in the society . it ensures that every person is entitled for his fundamental rights regardless of his social stature. A person may be poor andmarginalised but this does not make the person disqualified from excercising his rights for which he is entitled to justice ensures that person having high social statue but this is not at all enough for him getting away from his wrong deed.
4) POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF LAW:
This theory was formulated by hort. This theory on the one hand build. On And , on the other hand , makes important modification in the theories of austin and kelsen . in this theory, he bridges the age old conflict bet. The theories of law empjassing recognition and social obedience as the essential characteristics of a legal norm , and these that see the distinctive characteristics of law in the correlated element of authority , commond and sanctions.
SECTION –
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WHAT IS RATIO DECIDENDI AND WHAT IS DISTINGUSING? EXPLAIN WITH A COMMON ON THEIR IMPORTANT.
Judicial precedent is one of the important sources of law . it is a distinguising features of the english legal system because most of the common law is unwritten and precedent have a binding force on judicial tribunals for deciding similar case in future in continental countries like germany , italy , judicial precedent has only instructive / persuasive value on the other hand in english legal system it has authoritative important . it is in fact a legal source of law which the court are bound to follow.
In india , all HCs of the state are bound by decision of the SC and all courts subordinates to a HCs is not binding on another HC . it only has persuasive authority . A decision generally has 2 aspects namely –
1) What principle it lay down on the rule of law which it becomes an authority .this is generally called the ratio decidendi of the case
After listening to both sides present their case the judge will issue a ruling on the defendant’s
Cortez v. Wal-Mart Stores The plaintiff is a 48-years old assistant store manager considered to have worked for the company for 17-years. He got denied a promotion to the store manager’s position on various occasions. Some of the younger employees he had trained got promoted instead. Wal-Mart, therefore, said that he didn’t receive the promotions as he had received performance progress coaching in the past year and the company policies didn’t allow an employee’s promotion with any effective coaching in his files (Gould IV, 2013)
A world without laws would take us back to the stone age meaning without them we would be lost. The definition of criminal law is a system of law concerned with the punishment of those who commit crimes. Having a sense of morality is a necessity when concerning law and also the main purpose of law. Laws let us know what is right and wrong and minimizes mischief to individuals in society. Lippman (2013) revealed The New York criminal code that sets out the basic purposes of criminal which are: • Harm.
Date Assignments and Case Analysis in Business Law Chapter 3: What is the fundamental nature of the American court system? The primary character of the courts is that its foundation is on jurisdictions, which determines the authority of a court over a case.
The Texas and federal court systems are integral components of the American legal system, but they share both similarities and differences that distinguish them from one another. In this essay, I will discuss two similarities and two differences between these two court systems, examining their structures, method of selection, and types of cases heard. Firstly, the hierarchical structure is a fundamental similarity shared by both the Texas and federal court systems. Both systems employ a similar hierarchical structure that commences with trial courts and progresses through intermediate appellate courts to the highest court at the top.
In a modern sense, proper use of Judicial Independence is important because as it says in, "May it Please The Court," on page 74, law is everywhere in modern America. Thus, Americans use law and courts to resolve disputes that are large and small, public and private. Therefore, you can see how Judicial Independence and legal professions in general are important and critical because it can shape and inform relations between individuals and institutions in this country today, as it has for more than 200 years. Therefore when considering Judicial Independence we must understand the critical aspect and importance it represents with regards to adhering to constitutional thought and or
Justice is one of the most important moral and political concepts. The word comes from the Latin word jus, meaning right or law. According to Kelsen (2000), Justice is primarily a possible, but not a necessary, quality of a social order regulating the mutual relations of men As a result of its importance, prominent and knowledgeable people have shared their views on justice and what it means and how the state is involved in its administration. The likes of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke among others have written extensively on the concept of justice.
In strain theory, laws are equivalent to the accepted means that people can use to achieve their goals, which are described as a product of tradition and consensus. According to Frederick von Savigny, laws are “generalized statements of the tendencies actually operating, of the presuppositions on which a particular civilization is based” (Hagan 5). In this view, laws are almost indistinguishable from the commonly held morality found in a society. This theory on the nature of laws appears to match Merton’s understanding of how goals and methods of obtaining these goals are formed. An apposing theory on the creation of laws views them as a “product of conflict” (Hagan 5).
The judicial system is very important in the administration of justice for any society. Functions of the system are clearly stipulated and defended by the constitution of any nation. For a judge to pass a ruling on a suspect, the trial has to go through several stages before a final ruling is arrived at. Thus, one would believe the judgments made are considered fair making the judicial system a defender of justice and fairness.
[5] Common law works in a different way, the judges rather than the Parliament make common law or ‘judge-made law’. Considering criminal and civil cases, the judges take decisions based on the stare decisis principle (Latin “to stand by things decided”, the legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent [4]), deliver rulings and create precedents, thus applying the law to real life situations. Therefore, the value of the precedent is very high in the English Common Law system. The strengths of common law
The law is an intriguing concept, evolving from society’s originalities and moral perspectives. By participating in the legal system, we may endeavour to formulate a link between our own unique beliefs and the world in which we live. Evidently, a just sense of legality is a potent prerequisite for change, enabling society to continue its quest for universal equality and justice. Aristotle once stated that "even when laws have been written down, they ought not to remain unaltered".
Different judges will have different interpretation of cases; hence, they may bind a single case with various precedents making it more difficult to pass a judgment. In this type of situation even competent judges may find it complicated to decide on the ‘ratio decidendi’. Nevertheless, there are a lot of case laws and deciding which case law best appropriates to a case is not always an easy task, as it is time consuming and very stressful to find the most suitable precedent. Therefore, not only the doctrine of judicial precedent has the disadvantage of being complex, while the judges are discussing which case law to apply to a specific case, justice is at the same time being delayed.
In the article entitled ‘Determining the Ratio Decidendi of the Case’ by Arthur L. Goodhart, I underwent a roller coaster-like journey on exploring the science behind the nature of a precedent in English law. Goodhart started with the attempt to explain the full meaning of ratio decidendi in the simplest terms. He referred to Sir John Salmond’s definition in which I have interpreted ratio decidendi as the principle of law that is found in a court decision and possesses the authority to be binding. Ratio decidendi should be distinguished from a judicial decision, as the latter is a wider concept and contains the ratio decidendi, whereas the former is a principle that carries the force of law. In another reference, Professor John Chipman Gray
The criminal justice system is that subsystem of the national legal system which determines the circumstances in which and the procedure according to which individuals may be punished by the state for conduct that is defined as a crime. For the sake of convenience, a distinction is normally drawn between the substantive aspects of the criminal justice system and its procedural aspects. The study of criminal law generally focuses on substantive law; namely, the principles of law according to which criminal liability (guilt) is determined, whilst the law of criminal procedure, together with the law of evidence, focuses on the manner in which this is done, together with the way in which offenders and suspected offenders are to be treated by the
DEFINITION OF LAW: Law is outlined as the principles and regulations set by the governing authority, and have binding legal forces. It must be endorsed and obeyed by the citizens, subject to penalties or legal consequences. It depicts the will of the supreme power of the state. The basic purpose of law is to regulate the society, to safeguard and shield the rights of people and to resolve conflicts. It acts as barrier is preventing people from behaving in a negative manner that affects the rights and quality of life other people, hence violation of law implies the punishment of lawbreakers Dysfunction of Law: Dysfunction of law means failed to abide by the law.