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Importance Of Programmed Instruction In Education

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One way that would bring the most effective and most efficient means of learning is the use of programmed instructional material. Programmed instruction is not a new technique. It has been used by teachers in the educational system in various forms like modules, worksheets and worktexts. Mechner (2010) posited that programmed instruction has been used in elementary schools, high schools, nursing schools, colleges and industry. It has proved to be adaptable for various kinds of adult education. It is a technique which is particularly useful for continuing education. The growth of programmed instruction was established because of B.F. Skinner’s elaboration of the theory of reinforcement and its application to learning. Skinner's research was in stimulus-response and reinforcement. His research contributed to an understanding of the usefulness and application of teaching machines. He stated that, although positive reinforcement has been proven important in learning, schools use little reinforcement but …show more content…

The machine induces sustained activity while keeping the student active and busy and would not allow the student to proceed unless he understands the materials. The material is presented in sequence as the student is ready to receive it. The machine helps the student arrive at the correct answer both by a logical presentation of material and by "hinting, prompting, suggesting, and so on, derived from an analysis of verbal behavior". Finally Skinner stated that the machine reinforces the student for every correct response with immediate feedback.
Pappas (2014) enumerated the two basic and most widely known models of Programmed Instruction as follows:
• The first is linear and it is how Skinner’s teaching machines presented material. According to this model, the content is divided into a sequence of small and unchanged steps, where learners respond at their own pace and are immediately provided with the

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