A qualitative method was used to gather data. The interviewer developed a qualitative interview questionnaire that consisted of structured interviews aimed at generating qualitative data. This data, known as descriptive data, are the values of which cannot be measured numerically but can be distinguished by classifying into sets.
After collection, the data was consolidated, interpreted and analysed. Data and information will be presented using point themes to allow users have a reliable presentation from all points of view.
Struwig and Stead (2007) assert that data analysis methods enable the researcher to organise and bring meaning to the large amount of data. Content analysis was used for this study. In content analysis themes are extracted from the data. Themes can be extracted through coding of data, elaborating on the data, interpreting then checking of the data into categories or themes that cut across all of data sources. While quantitative research methods, refers much to the systematic scientific investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships (Terre Blanche, Durrheim, & Painter, 2006:322).
3.14 Pilot Study
A pilot study was done in
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(2009: 326) highlight their concern that the lack of standardisation in semi-structured and in-depth interviews may lead to concerns about reliability. Reliability state is concerned with whether alternative researchers would reveal similar information. Some challenges which may lead to bias with regards to interviews may be due to the participants who agree to be interviewed. Qualitative research presents a unique set of validity and reliability challenges that are dealt with sufficiently in quantitative research. Quantitative researchers observe validity and reliability as external to their reality or perception. Qualitative researchers do not agree with this approach and view validity and reliability as integral to their reality and perception of reality (Trochim, 2006:
The National Institute of Nursing Research The National Institute of Nursing conducts research to improve the health and well being of the population at large as they incorporate both clinical and research training on health and illness across all ages to prevent diseases, while they manage and improve the care of each individual. The goal of the research facility is to apply new technologies to promote health while developing scientist of the future ("National Institute of Nursing Research," 2011). There are three current methodologies to research; quantitative, qualitative, and outcome research. Examining all three closely reveals a complex distinction in methods of research. The quantitative method focuses on the formal, objective process
307). Fittingness, credibility, and auditability will be a better fit and more appropriate for qualitative studies (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 125). Fittingness gives a detailed description of the participants’ daily lives to prove the relevance of the research findings and can be used for relatable research and theory development (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126). When adequate information is provided for the evaluation of data analysis, an accurate and in depth description of research findings are made which demonstrates fittingness. Credibility allows the researcher to verify their interpretations and accuracy of their perspective by returning for further interviews with the participants (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126).
A qualitative questionnaire can be used to gather facts about an individual’s beliefs, feelings and experiences. For example, asking a resident if they think lead is dangerous can get answered with both a positive and negative response. A positive response is “I’ve lived here for 37 years, raised two healthy sons…” contradicted with a negative response “I’ve lived here for 35 years as well, but now I’m the one with a child whose blood level is 31.5…”. Therefore, a qualitative questionnaire is appropriate when trying to understand an individual’s
Introduction. The population within the neighborhood of Greenfield rd. and Fenkell ave. of Detroit, Michigan, also known as 48227 has increased drastically over the years.
Data in the current research will be obtained through the qualitative research study design. Qualitative research is exploratory, and it is used when we don’t know what to expect, to define the problem or develop an approach to the problem (Mora, 2010). Case studies are defined as qualitative research studies that focus on groups or individuals. The two main characteristics are: First, they investigate a certain phenomenon within its real life occurrence. Second, they are used when no clear boundaries exist between the factor being investigated and its context in real life.
Interviews are considered to be the mainstay of qualitative research (Jeanfreau, 2010). The interviews were audio-recorded, de-identified and transcribed, which exemplifies that the form of data collected was reliable, and independently verifiable. Ethics in research is of prime importance. The World Health Organization states that ethical consideration should be described in a research paper (WHO, 2011). Ethical issues have been
Cut-off date 27 February. Part1: Essay. ‘Evaluate the contribution of a qualitative approach to research on friendship’. Part2: DE100 project report – Method.
Introduction Psychological research and its findings have profound impact on people, relationships, and institutions in our society (Willig, 2013). However, as any other study, psychological researchers are faced with enormous limitations including inappropriate designs or methodologies due inadequacy of professionals (Wang, et al., 2015), geographical differences that impacts on generalizations (Smith, 2015), and time pressure that negatively affects the quality of a research (Punch, et al., 2014). Language barrier and lack of literature or poorly done review are other factors that affect psychological research (Willig, 2013). Limitations Limited number of professionals in the psychological research is one of the key limitations to this field of study. Psychological research depends on observations, experimentation, and evidence, hence the need for critical methodological designs (Shipman, 2014).
1999 cited in Tobin and Begley, (2004) Rigour is use to express integrity and competence in the qualitative research process. The absence there of, places the research in the fictional category of journalism, thus rendering it useless to enhance education (Morse et al. 2002 cited in Tobin and Begley, 2004). Many questions were raised about trustworthiness in qualitative research by the positivists, since it was noted that there were challenges to the concepts of validity and reliability in researches carried out in its natural surroundings.
I used the thematic analysis to identify those themes emerged from the six selected articles and showed in (table 7). Thematic analysis is a simple, flexible and widely-used qualitative data analysis method. It can help me to generalize and develop ideas via the detail prospecting of the analysis and synthesis of the literature (Noblit & Hare 1988; Paterson et al. 2001; Walsh & Downe 2005; Bondas & Hall 2007; Finlayson & Dixon 2008; Rice 2008). According to Braun and Clarke (2006) - six phase of thematic analysis, I familiarised with the data first, including transcribing data, reading and rereading the data, noting down initial ideas.
3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH THEORY 3.1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative research is a form of research in which the researcher collects and interprets data, meaning the researcher is as important in the research process as the participants and the data they provide. Reason and Rowan (2004) have argued that the core element of a qualitative research approach is to connect meanings to the experiences of respondents and their lives. According to Clissett (2008) qualitative research involves a variety of research methods that can be used to explore human experience, perceptions, motivations and behaviours. Qualitative research is characterised by collection and analysis of words in the form of speech or writing.
Methodology In my thesis I utilized the quantitative content analysis method. There are many definitions of this research method from different authors. Most of the definitions include similar principles. The research should be systematical, objective, quantitative and replicable.
Our research methods are successful in providing validity, but only to the extent that the researcher utilizes them to the best capacity; validity is increased when careful consideration is given to the particular method used. Critics of external validity must also question how important it is to the study at hand, and whether the experiment is looking to generalize across situations or to further the knowledge of a given theory. It is not so much that our methods are bad, as it is that they aren’t self-correcting. It is the job of the researcher to determine which method is the best match for their study in order to minimize error and maximize validity by controlling for threats within that method. Depending on the method of research, a loss in one form of validity might be worth the trade-off for higher validity in another area more meaningful to the current research.
The term Research Methodology refers to a set of procedures, methods & techniques that are put together by the researchers to obtain a solution to the problems they confront during the collection of data. The researchers look for the most crucial data which is inevitable for the research. Generally there are three kinds of approaches or research methods namely Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed. These methods are used to gather data and resolve issues that emerge during the process of data gathering. The researcher can bring forward his findings either in the form of quantitative or qualitative or mixed research methodologies only when the data is collected based on the preliminary data gathering process and the secondary data gathering process.
In quantitative research, variables are identified and defined, and then relevant data is collected from study participants. A strength of this type of research is that the data is in numeric form, making it easier to interpret. It also studies the relationship between independent and dependent variables and can address questions such as does a relationship between variables exist, what is the direction of the relationship, how strong is the relationship between the variables, and what is the nature of the relationship. To be able to discover and answer the cause-and-effect relationship is a strength of quantitative research. Lastly, in quantitative research, the study can either be experimental or nonexperimental, meaning clinical trial or observational study, allowing for different types of research studies to be conducted.