The term discourse analysis is very ambiguous. It refers mainly to the linguistic analysis of naturally occurring connected speech or written discourse. Roughly speaking, it refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. It follows that discourse analysis is also concerned with language use in social contexts, and in particular with interaction or dialogue between
The template may be stored as a time waveform, spectrum of the word or a vector of features of the word [3]. Speech recognition by computers is a challenging task due to the factors that need to be considered. These include interference from the background, speaker’s pronunciation and pitch, the duration of the spoken word and variability of amplitude, just to mention a few. The application of stochastic processes and probability theory then become essential in developing models for speech production and recognition [3]. These models may be used to design systems for speech recognition.
Aim: The aim of this project is to determine the ear's ability to allow us to perceive the pitch of sounds by detection of the wave's frequencies, the loudness of sound by detection of the wave's amplitude and the timbre of the sound by the detection of the various frequencies that make up a complex sound wave. Introduction: Understanding how humans hear is a complex subject involving the fields of physiology, psychology and acoustics. The ear consists of three basic parts - the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. Each part of the ear serves a specific purpose in the task of detecting and interpreting sound. The outer ear serves to collect and channel sound to the middle ear.
Hearing is a vital sense that is necessary for the development and maintenance of communication skills. The hearing mechanism serves as the main feedback mechanism in the development and production of speech. The speech sounds are received by the auditory system, interpreted by the brain and a reaction is expressed by the use of words. The process of storage, analysis, and association of these speech sounds at the level of brain is carried out by providing the input to the brain through the hearing mechanism [1] (Lovinger et al. 1991).
Speaking is a process of how speaker constructs meaning which includes creating and receiving information on an interactive way (Brown, 1994). The meaning and the form are delivered to the hearer depending on the context which also includes the participants, physical environment, and purposes for the speaking. Speaking is used to show someone 's feelings, thoughts, and even ideas to other people (Herman, 2016). Speaking is also one of the most important skills which should be supported by some components such as grammar competence, vocabulary mastery, and good pronunciation (Ur, 1996). In speaking, one of the components that should be mastered is pronunciation.
Communication Disorder: Speech Disorder Communication is important source in human life because human uses communication to receive information, understand information, express information and feelings, express ideas through verbal or nonverbal. However, if a person has impairment in the ability to receive, send, and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal then that person obtains a communication disorder. A communication disorder is clear in the processes of hearing, language, and speech. When a person cannot create speech sound properly or fluently, nor has the problem with voice, then that person retains a speech disorder. Speech disorder is one of the sub-branches of communication disorder.
Their strengths and weaknesses have been explored with respect to using them in the speech recognition framework. 1.1 The Phone Recognition Problem This work focuses on the phone recognition problem in ASR. The phone recognition problem involves mapping a raw speech signal to a sequence of phones. Given an acoustic sequence X = {x1,x2,....,xt,.....xT}, the phone recognition problem can be formulated statistically as finding the phone sequence W∗ that is most likely to have produced X:
In addition, the relationship between types of sentences and functions will determine whether the speaker’s utterance is categorized as direct or indirect speech act. Literature review Classification of Speech Acts The sentence is an important element of language because people do use a sentence to utter
Sentiment Analysis (SA) also known as Opinion Mining (OM) is the computational treatment of opinions, sentiments and subjectivity of text.The entity can represent individuals, events or topics. Mining opinions and sentiments from natural language is challenging, because it requires a deep understanding of the explicit and implicit, regular and irregular, and syntactical and semantic language rules. The two expressions SA or OM are interchangeable. They express a mutual meaning. Opinion Mining extracts and analyzes people’s opinion about an entity while Sentiment Analysis identifies the sentiment expressed in a text then analyzes it.
Lado (1957:18) says that language is the system of speech sound by which human beings, communicate with one another. Meanwhile in the dictionary.com divides the meaning of language into some parts which are a body of words and the systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same cultural tradition, communication by voice in the distinctively human manner, using arbitrary sounds in conventional ways with conventional meanings; speech, any system of formalized symbols, signs, sounds, gestures, or the like used or conceived as a means of communicating thought, emotion, etc. Language is important thing for human being because it is a requirement for us to communicate, to interact, to share our ideas and information and also to built up the relationship among the others. In any language, including Indonesian, when we communicate with the people or read the books, we often see the relationship of meaning or semantic relation between a word with another word. The words in a language often have relationships form by chance, in other words, when each was not showing the relationship of meaning.