INTRODUCTION
“We are all children of the same God, and we have to come together to solve our problems and not be fighting so much.”
-Ann Romney
Since the dawn of civilisation the world was divided into two halves-the masculine and the feminine, after which people started to live together and formed social norms. Males and females were the two sexes recognised by the larger communities and even by the great civilisation. It was in the Vedic Indian society, we find traces of third sex which was also called as TrityaPrakritior third gender.
In western society we do not find tangible instances of third sex or perhaps they do not speak openly about the third gender because unlike the Vedic society in India they believed that only two sexes exist
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Significantly, Article 14, which provides for right to equality and equal protection of laws. Under Article 15 there can be no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, sex, religion, region, and race subject to certain exceptions. Incidentally even after more than 67 years of Independence seemingly no specific provisions had been made for the upliftment, development of transgender in India, assumably for the reason that the word “sex” still means or includes in its ambit, only male and female.
This paper discusses the post-independence development in the legal and political situation of transgender in the Indian society. A major milestone in recognition of rights of transgender was achieved in the Naz foundation Case decided by Hon’ble Delhi high Court. Finally, in the landmark judgment delivered by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in 2014, transgender have been awarded with third gender status finally bringing a new ray of hope in the lives of this oppressed section.
THE
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In this case the transgender community and the right not to be discriminated based on gender identity formed an important part of the proceeding in the case, and the text of the judgement. The extensive focus on gender identity in the Naz Foundation case has possibly to do with the centrality of the transgender community to the LGBT movement in South Asia. The two contemporary cases that do touch upon the rights of transgender persons are the Nepali Supreme Court case , cited in the Naz Foundation decision, and the recent Pakistani Supreme Court case where the Court ruled that all members of Pakistan’s hijracommunity should be registered as part of a government survey with the end goal of better integrating them into
Richaunti Williams AP English 3 4th period PART I: The Color of Water by James McBride Memoir Published in 1995 James McBride is our protagonist of this story. A biracial man just trying to figure out where he comes from, and by that I mean, where his mother comes from.
While women have the right to vote, they are still harassed and discriminated against. The rights to their own bodies are still given and taken away by men. Similarly, while people are allowed to be openly gay without being immediately put in jail, they are still bullied and murdered for their sexual identity. Both of these cases illustrate the continued fight for “genuine equality.” In summary, while the cases aim to protect 2 different groups of people, they have similar outcomes and both are a part of ongoing
This past October an intersex U.S. Navy veteran, Dana Zzyym, gained national attention after they were denied a passport. Zzyym identifies as neither male nor female, so they were denied the right to a passport after refusing to select a gender box on the application. After the denial Zzyym filed a federal discrimination lawsuit on the grounds that it is a constitutional violation to force an intersex person to select a gender box. Their argument is that gender, or lack of thereof, has nothing to do with travel, so why should it restrict or force people to declare a gender marker they do not identify as. Zzyym’s case finally brings to light how significant two little boxes can truly be, especially for those who live their lives outside
As a result of being shaped by a heteropatriarchal society, it is assumed that medical transition will make a person’s sexual orientation and gender identity “line up”; if, for example, a trans woman is a lesbian, she will be questioned about why she felt the need to transition, as if there has to be a direct relationship between the two, or as if what’s more accepted societally trumps personal feelings. Today, much like Jorgensen’s transition was seen as a practical solution to a problem that demands a solution, we see the Iranian government’s attempt at solving the problem. A 1979 fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini, sanctioning sex-change operations, has led to Iran having the highest rates of gender reassignment surgeries, second only to Thailand. Homosexuality is punishable by death in Iran; however, the government covers “up to half the cost for those needing financial assistance” when it comes to surgery, and recognizes the change on birth certificates, as documented in a 2008 BBC article, “Iran’s ‘diagnosed transsexuals’” by Vanessa Barford. Just as Jorgensen went from being an “ex-GI” to being a “blonde bombshell”, positioned on opposite ends of a spectrum, those who want to love who they choose in Iran must go through psychological evaluations, hormone therapy, and surgeries that they often don’t
Williams begins the article by explaining that the western convention of a male-female gender binary is not consistent with other views throughout the globe. As evidence of an additional perspective, Williams introduces the berdache tradition, an American Indian gender. Berdache are born male physically, but are not masculine and do not fill society’s typical male roles. As berdache is not a concept present in western culture, Williams conveys berdache as being somewhere between male and female. Following an introduction of the berdache and their behavior, Williams explains a brief history of American Indian religions and the spirit of the berdache.
Canadians take pride in their health care system; however, most Canadians are unaware of the disparities that exist for transgender persons within health care. Being ridiculed, denied care, or treated unjustly because of a self-identification as transgender goes against the core values of the nursing profession (Canadian Nurses Association, 2009); despite this, ten percent of transgender participants in the Ontario Trans PULSE survey reported that they had experienced these demonstrations of prejudice when accessing emergency room services. This statistic may be lower than the reality due to transgender persons frequently avoiding the health care system (Bauer & Scheim, 2015). According to the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) Code of Ethics (2009) nursing staff are expected to provide, “safe, compassionate, competent, and ethical care” (p. 3); however, due to lack of policies and lack of education nursing staff and physicians are detrimentally adding to the stressors of transgender life.
Brief Summary Aaron Devor discusses the patriarchally-expected gender roles of today’s society. He delves into the discussion of femininity versus masculinity. Society associates femininity with weakness, whilst associating masculinity with greatness. Furthermore, Aaron sheds light on today’s societal gender norms.
The Stonewall Riots are said to mark the beginning of the modern LGBT rights movement, and it was largely initiated by transgender women of color. Over the next few decades, legislation would be enacted to aid the cause for equality. By 1977, trans athletes could play on the teams of their gender identities, and by 1993 anti-discrimination laws were extended to transpeople in Minnesota. In the 21st century alone, transpeople were getting invited to the White House, playing in college sports, and serving as judges, all without having to hide who they were (“Milestones in the American Transgender Movement”). Hardships are still all too common, unfortunately, but much progress has been made nonetheless, and the fight continues to this
Notably, the “T” in LGBT stands for transgender, which includes those who do not conform to the traditional ideals of their ‘gender’ or birth sex (Ard & Makadon, 2012). In some cases, these individuals may decide to go through hormonal therapy or surgery to alter their gender identity. Due to the fact that the transgender population in the US is known to only be 0.3%, many are uneducated about the medical needs of these individuals, including physicians (Ard & Makadon, 2012). Moreover, a policy to diminish LGBT care disparities should also educate people (especially physicians) in understanding the cultural context of their patients’ lives (LGBT individuals) in order for all people to attain the best possible
Transgender is the term used to describe an individual whose gender identity does not align with their sex assigned at birth. The documentary, “Growing up Trans”, is a sensitive clip to watch about young youths who attempt to navigate family, friends, gender, and the medical decisions they face at puberty. “Growing up Trans” focuses mainly on transitioned young youths. The transgender youth from the documentary links to many theories from chapter eight. Theories such as socialization, gender, sexuality, homophobia, transphobia, and microaggression are associated with “Growing up Trans”.
In an article authored by Urvashi Agarwal on the role of females in Indian culture, she even points out the difference in emotions between the birth of a girl and boy: “sohras – the joyous songs of celebration sung at the birth of a child in the Hindi-speaking belt – are almost never sung for newborn daughters. Indeed, many sohras express the mother’s relief that this has not been the case and her worst fears have been proven to be unfounded” (Agarawal). This indifference towards females acts a specific example that shows undoubtedly that they are seen below men in the Indian hierarchy. In most conflicts involving an Indian family, it is safe to say that there is a presumption that the person higher up in social status, or in the case of Monsoon Wedding, the older and male Tej, would have the benefit of the doubt over a young girl like Ria. In addition, Lalit and the family were tremendously indebted to Tej, as he not only offers to pay for Ria’s entire American college education, but for the wedding as well.
The term “transgender” is a label that was never used until the mid 1960s. According to history, “Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University coined the term transgender in his 1965 reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology (“Transgender”)”. When a transgender person desires to be the opposite gender, they may get an invasive surgery to fully transition into their new identity. Multiple transgender people have started to announce the having of the surgery has destroyed their future (Bindel). People have the right to be whatever gender they aspire to be, but transgender people should do public activities and should stay grouped with their biologically assigned sex.
This youths experienced of estrangement from their family and friends, invisibility and harassment at school that may cause a mental ill-health, dropping on their school, and homelessness. This discrimination affects the equal access to key social goods, such as employment, health care, education and housing of the LGBT people. And they also experienced marginalization in the society that leads to them of being vulnerable group(Subhrajit,
According to the famous sociologists Sylvia Walby, patriarchy is “a system of social structure and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women”. Women’s exploitation is an age old cultural phenomenon of Indian society. The system of patriarchy finds its validity and sanction in our religious beliefs, whether it is Hindu, Muslim or any other religion. For instance, as per ancient Hindu law giver Manu, “Women are supposed to be in the custody of their father when they are children, they must be under the custody of their husband when married and under the custody of her son in old age or as widows.
Article 14 of the Constitution of India stipulates that “the state not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. Protection prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race, caste, sex or place of birth.” Therefore this law should imply that all Indian women have and can practice the same rights as men. However these laws, while legally set in stone, are not socially acknowledged much of the time.