Intercultural communication is a very important part of the modern world. People from different cultures and social groups exchange information, share their experience and knowledge in business, science, education, health and in many other spheres. It is known that one of the most influential intercultural interactions is communication between politicians of different countries. The history of diplomacy is full of examples of how ignorance of the history and culture of another people led or could potentially lead to sad consequences.
This story of misunderstanding is based on actual events which occurred in 1938. It was a period of tense relations between the US and Japan. In October this year, a former Japanese Ambassador to the United States died in Washington (Raymond C.,1997). The president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt was on good terms with the deceased and in a sign of respect ordered the allocation of a cruiser Astoria for the immediate delivery of the diplomat 's ashes to his homeland. From the point of view of Americans and Europeans, Roosevelt 's actions were perfectly understandable, however, in Japan, where there is a special tradition of farewells to the dead, this step aroused outrage. The Japanese could not understand why the diplomat 's ashes was being sent to Japan without carrying out complex ceremonies on the site of his death, designed to demonstrate the respect of the United States to him and his country. But from one cross-cultural
In this paper, I will discuss the signing of Executive Order 9066, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, regarding the Japanese relocation and connecting back to the Pearl Harbor attack, thus, resulting in further negative opinions of both the first generation Japanese and the second generation of Japanese Americans. Event Description: Internment was brought about by a justifiable fear for the security of the nation. Japan had figured out how to pull off the assault on Pearl Harbor, which nobody had thought was conceivable. The possibility that they may assault the West Coast while the US military was still in shock was on everyone’s mind. Secondly, it was caused by racism.
Japan and China signed a treaty of peace in August 12, 1978. This stirred up controversy in Japan and China. Many people purposed the question of was the death of 300,000 plus residents worth it, If they would later sign a treaty? Many Japanese and Chinese have hatred for eachother still to this day for the vicious ways Japanese soldiers killed civilians. Japanese reputation was tarnished in many Chinese citizens
Hersey’s straight, simple narrative technique presents the catastrophe in its raw form, including the voices of those who experienced the bombing firsthand. He does so without showing bias or raising the question of whether or not the United States should have dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. While many citizens of Hiroshima “continued to feel a hatred for Americans which nothing could possibly erase,” (117) some, like Mrs. Nakamura, “remained more or less indifferent about the ethics of using the bomb.” (117). Despite mixed reactions of the people of Hiroshima themselves, never does the author condemn the decision to drop the bomb, nor does he condone
Julie Otsuka’s When the Emperor was divine is a novel that takes place right after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. In the beginning of the novel, the Japanese American family consists of a mother with her two children. They are in a turning point of their lives. There are posters and signs indicating that anyone with japanese ancestry must evacuate. Immediately the family starts feeling the rejection of their neighbors and people around them.
August 6th and 9th, 1945 were the dates that marked on Japanese’s hearts, and Americans as well. Those were the dates that Japan had an obliteration with in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japanese soldiers and innocent people of different races were killed grossing over 121,000 deaths. Some people would say it was an excellent idea and some people would it was THE worst idea. There was a discussion, a debate rather on whether or not to resort the use of the atomic bombs.
Walker does not just take the reader on a tour of the decision-making process of President Truman and shows what made him to order the use of Atomic bombs on Japan, but he also provide an exploration of the historical situation that prompted the decision. He also examines the viewpoint of the Japanese, not only regarding the impact of the bombings on their ultimate decision to surrender, but also how their Allies called for an unconditional surrender. This call could possibly have led to the Japanese Emperor, Hirohito, being tried on counts of war crimes, which may have possibly made the Japanese to be reluctant on surrendering even in light of a crushing defeat (Huczko). Samuel Walker also provides useful insights into contribution made by the decision to use Atomic weapons on Japanese decision to surrender.
They were change agents.” That proves that if you hold on to what you believe, you can accomplish anything. As George Takei talks about his experiences as a Japanese-American and his view of the American
Farewell to Manzanar, written by Jeanne Wakatsuki and her husband James D. Houston, brings the aftermath of the bombing of Pearl Harbor to life through the the reimaging of the hardships and discrimination that Jeanne and her family endured while stationed at Manzanar. After the events of Pearl Harbor, seven year-old Jeanne is evacuated with family to an internment camp in which the family will be forced to adapt to a life in containment. Through the writings of Jeanne herself, readers are able to see Jeanne’s world through her words and experience the hardships and sacrifices that the Wakatsuki family had to go through. Farewell to Manzanar takes the reader on a journey through the eyes of a young American-Japanese girl struggling to be accepted by society.
America’s racist ideals were seeded way before the bombing of pearl harbor. Acts like the Naturalization Act of 1870, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and the Immigration Act of 1924 grew racism towards Asians. (Notes). This would lead to the sentiment that Japanese people did not belong in America. In document 9, this is supported with the statement “The Chinese and Japanese are not bona fide citizens.”
In Farewell to Manzanar, Houston quoted that “That night Papa burned the flag he had brought with him from Hiroshima thirty five years earlier”(6). It was Jeanne’s Papa fear that the Americans can get mad looking at the Japanese flag. He didn’t want anybody to think that they relate to Japan. Papa also burned documents because he doesn’t want to have any connection with Japan.
Print. Japanese Relocation. Perf. Milton Eisenhower. U.S. Office Of War Information, 1943.
“Mary Tsukamoto once said ‘I knew it would leave a scar that would stay with me forever. At that moment my precious freedom was taken from me’” (Martin 54). The Betrayal. The attack on Pearl Harbor.
Constructivists reject such a one-sided material focus. They argue that the most important aspect of international relations is social, not material. Constructivists have demonstrated that ‘ideas matter’ in international relations. They have shown that culture and identity help define the interests and constitute the actors in IR. All students of IR should be familiar with the important debates raised by constructivists, about basic social theory and about the different ways in which ideas can matter in international relations.
Cultural identity plays a very vital role in cross cultural communication, people from a particular culture communicate with partners and employees from many different cultures and in this situation every individual strives to keep their cultural and individual identity. According to Gardiner and Kosmitzki, identity is defined as “a person 's self-definition as a separate and distinct individual, including behaviours, beliefs, and attitudes” (Gardiner & Kosmitzki, 2008, p. 154). Also, Ting-Toomey defines identity as a "reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process"( Ting-Toomey, 2005). Both definitions bring out the generalisation of cultural identity
Abstract Communicating successfully with people from different cultures can be a real challenge. Cultural differences may lead to tensions, arguments, and even wars between peoples and nations. This paper deals with one of the most common problems in intercultural communication cultural shock, it introduces its concepts and basic traits, causes and symptoms, stages of adjustment and strategies of overcoming culture shock with the aim of improving intercultural communication competence for smoothing intercultural communication. Key words: Cultural shock; Intercultural communication; Stages of adjustment; Intercultural communication competence Wang, M. L. (2015).