Applications such as 1) Text summarization: STS is used in grouping of semantic similar sentences [1], 2) Machine translation evaluation: STS is used to measure the degree of equivalence between the machine generated translation and the referenced translation [2], 3) Information retrieval: STS is used for measuring the semantic equivalence between pairs of texts [3], 4) Web page retrieval: STS is used by measuring the page title similarity [4] and also in many systems such as plagiarism detection, question-answer
The third characteristic within Thompson’s book is the ‘Structural approach’. The Symbolic form shows how cultural symbolic forms are constructed and how all elements are related to each other for in visual art forms we talk about the arrangement of the subject matter. Structure consists out of different languages such as the angle of the shot, what is included and excluded in the shot, composition, background and lighting. The structure of visual art forms such as photographs, art works such as paintings and how they look; what you see and how you interpret it (Thompson 1990: 141). According to Thompson he meant that symbolic forms are formations, which demonstrate an expressed structure and these structures consist out of rudiments that are in determinate associations with one another (Thompson 1990: 141).
Parse: Parsing the set of words Parsing is a process which is used to understand the syntax and semantics of the source language. Parsing is done by using Stanford parser. The tagged input sentences is passed through Stanford parser. And obtain the grammatical rule of each sentences. C.POS taggers Parts of speech tagging for the parsed input source sentence is done using Stanford Pos tagger.
A preverbal message coming from the conceptualiser and entering the formulator is first grammatically encoded and then converted into a speech plan (phonetic plan). This happens by matching the meaning part of a lemma from the lexicon with the semantic information in the preverbal message and then applying the right form, meaning grammatical and phonological rules. In short information from the lexicon is made available in two phases: first through semantic activation and then through form activation. Lemma information of a lexical item includes the conceptual specifications of the item, such as its pragmatic and stylistic conditions, its (morpho-)syntactic information, its syntactic category and grammatical functions, as well as information that is needed for syntactical encoding, such as number, tense, aspect, mood, case and pitch accent. The activation of the lemmas and the relevant syntactic information leads to the formation of the surface structure in form of phonological encoding.
2. Review of literature This section concisely sheds light on related literature concerning semantic prosody and cuprous-based studies of semantic prosody and semantic features. Along with the Implication of Semantic Prosody in Translation, followed by the significance of the proposed study and the research methodology and data. 2.1. Semantic Prosody The term semantic prosody, also known as semantic harmony (LewandowskaTomaszczyk, 1996), discourse or pragmatic prosody (Stubbs, 2001), or semantic relationships (Hoey, 2003; Nelson, 2006), was initially developed by Sinclair (1987) who had taken the idea from Firth’s (1957) concept of phonological prosody. Louw (1993) was the one who initially presented the term semantic prosody, and then it was used extensively by Hunston (2002, 2007), Partington (1998, 2004), Stubbs (1995, 2001), Tognini-Bonelli (2001), and Tribble (2000), etc.
.The key issues that multimodal discourse analysis has brought to light Multimodality declares that language is one of the resources that has the ability to make meaning, that suggests that all the modal resources that are available in a particular culture has to be familiarised as one of the coherent approach(Paul & Michael,2012). The key issues of MMDA are as follow Partiality of a language-in this it involves that all the modes in the multimodal ensemble are used to contribute to the meaning of that particular ensemble. Language is always known to be a partial messenger of textual/semiotic whole meaning. It regard the notion of language as a problem in two ways and the first is that looking at MMDA contexts language is no longer in a provision of full meaning but is known to provide the partial meaning. The idea is that looking at the quality of speech and writing and how they are shaped differently in social places,it becomes a problem when language has to be considered as a mode.
Moreover, cohesion is "the way certain words or grammatical features of a sentence can connect that sentence to its predecessors and successors in a text. "(Hoey, 1996, p.3). So, cohesive ties are important in organizing, structuring and understanding media discourse. Therefore, this study covers the theory of cohesion which founded by Halliday and Hasan in the written media discourse. Furthermore, there are two kinds of cohesive devices: lexical cohesive devices deal with aspects of vocabulary which link parts of the text together and grammatical cohesive devices focus on the role of grammar in holding texts together.
This theory was presented by Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber. The theory suggests that translational equivalence can be divided into two kinds: i) formal equivalence, and ii) dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses on the grammatical structure or the lexical details of the original message. In this strategy, the emphasis is given to both form and content of the original language. The message of the receptor language should match the various aspects of the original language as much as possible.
Basically main component of the oral language development is acquisition of the rules that govern the structure of language, like phonology, syntax and semantics and the practical application of these rules. Phonology deals with systematic organization of sounds of a certain language. It also includes articulation, pronunciation, and intonation, which involves pitch, stress, and juncture (Morrow, 2012). Syntax is responsible for the structure of the phrases, clauses and sentences in a certain language. Syntactic rules govern the formation, and transformation of sentence patterns, defining the principles of word order.
Phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language and is the studies of sound systems. This essay aims to explore the relationship and differences between phonetics and phonology Phonetics 2.1 Definition English has numerous speech sounds which function as the building blocks to the words and phrases that make up language. Phonetics is the study of how humans produce speech sounds. It is concerned with describing physical properties and production of speech sounds. In Rowe