Mathematical Exploration:
Constructing the Iron-Carbide phase diagram using Gibbs Free energy curves
Introduction
The first time I heard of the term “phase diagram” was on an online post about the 911 attacks.
In 2005, the first installment of the Loose Change film series (series of films which argued in favor of conspiracy theories surrounding the September 11th attacks) was released. The movie suggested that the United States government itself orchestrated the September 11th, 2001 attacks.
Conspiracy theorists claimed that the burning fuel from crashed planes would not have been able to melt the supporting beams of the World Trade Center – and this is the origin of the assertion “jet fuel can’t melt steel beams” that was once viral.
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This type of work could be formation of chemical compounds, combustion of fuels or even neutralization of acidic and alkali chemicals. If the change in Gibbs free energy during a reaction is negative, the reaction is therefore said to be spontaneous, meaning it can happen on its own without the help of external forces. On the other hand, is the value turns out to be positive, the reaction would be non-spontaneous and requires external energy/force to initiate it.
The Gibbs free energy equation is defined as:
〖∆G〗_f^θ=〖∆H〗_f^θ-T∆S_f^θ
ΔG = change in Gibbs free energy, joules
ΔH = change in enthalpy (change in heat), joules
T = temperature, Celsius
ΔS = change in entropy (change in the behavior of particles in a reaction), joules per Celsius
The “f” and “θ” reads: formation under standard conditions (represented by θ). Formation is a type of chemical reaction and standard conditions are at 25ºC and 1atm (measurement for pressure). Having all the variables under standard condition can help control the results, making the results more accurate and reliable.
The change in enthalpy and entropy is often also expressed in terms of heat capacity and temperature and an available version of the equation
After the horrible attack on the World Trade center on September 11, 2001, people began to analyze footage of the incident and make speculations about the “truth” behind 9/11. Conspiracy theories arose as people were seeking for a reason behind this attack. It seems totally absurd that people would believe that our own government planned an attack that devastated all of America, but according to Professor Quassim Cassam, a philosopher from the University of Warwick, out of 16,000 people less than half of those people believe that the attacks were done by the terrorist group known as al-Qaeda. We may put into question; why do so many people allow themselves to believe that there is a truth behind the truth? There is no simple answer to this
Joe B. has seen and been in crises and wars. “But 9/11 is a day that no American will forget,” said Joe. September 11, 2001 has affected Joe’s life, but also gave him a new perspective in life. At the time when the first plane had crashed into the North Tower of the WTC he was in Maine. Joe had been working for a company called General Electric (GE) training new employees how to inspect weaponry on fighter jets.
However The planes’ events were not alike, the planes that attacked at Pearl Harbor were bombing planes and the attack on 9/11 the planes that were driven into the twin towers were commercial airlines. Also The planes that on 9/11 was a suicidal
Fifteen years have passed since the United States was attacked by Al-Qaeda terrorists on September 11, 2001. The nineteen men who were involved in this outbreak were led by Osama bin Laden. They were instructed to hijack four airplanes and deliberately crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City. Families responded in fear and sorrow as they witnessed the planes crashed. Officials believe that the terrorists intended to destroy the White House or the United States Capitol.
The events that occurred on September, 11, 2001 were among the most catastrophic events in American history. The events of the day were summarized as 19 militants associated with the terror group al-Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out targeted attacks in the United States. Out of the four planes, two of them were flown into the World Trade Center in New York, a third one into the Pentagon in Washington and the fourth one crashing off course into a field. The attacks resulted in the deaths of over 3000 people and the beginning of a soon to come American counter terrorism policy and the subsequent invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. Although there are a lot of conspiracy theories around the real motives and players behind the attack,
On September 11, 2001, numerous individuals entered the United States of America and hijacked four airlines in order to carry out suicide attacks against various targets located in the nations most prestigious cities: Manhattan, New York and Washington, D.C. (Kean, H. Thomas et al., 2004). Two of the four hijacked flights were intentionally flown into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center in the heart of the Manhattan’s Financial District; the third flight was headed towards Washington, D.C while the fourth one crashed in Pennsylvania (Kean, H. Thomas et al., 2004). The attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001 are often referred to as “9/11” which resulted in triggering a major initiative in the United States of American to combat terrorism (Thomas A. Gilly., 2009).
Government Facilities Sector is one of the largest and most complex sectors of the 17 critical infrastructures that’s included in the National Infrastructure Protection Plan. The Department of Homeland Security, General Services Administration and the Federal Protective Service (FPS) were given the responsibilities as co-leads and Federal interface for this sector by PPD-21. The government facilities sector will arrange for the protection, safety, and security of all government assets, employees, and visitors to the facilities under its sector, as well as balanced management of physical and cyber risk, so that essential government functions and services are preserved without disruption. The execution of this will require GFS to reduce the nations
September 11 left lasting effects on the citizens of the U.S. As George W. Bush told us, “Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of
It was September 11, 2008. I entered my first grade classroom, expecting to have another normal day at school. However, as I took a seat at my desk, I knew we would not be performing our usual school activities. “Today,” stated the teacher, “I am going to tell you about an important event that happened seven years ago.”
The attacks killed 2,996 people and injured over 6,000 others. Al Qaeda terrorists hijacked four planes. Two of the planes (American airline flight 11 and united airlines flight 175) Crashed into the north and south towers of world trade center in New York City. One hour and 42 minutes after the crash of the planes both 110 stories towers collapsed resulting fire and the collapsing and damage to the other towers. Including the seven world trade center tower which has 47 stories.
Initally, al-Qaeda considered targeting nuclear power plants on 9/11, but decided to go against it because they feared it would get too out of control. Four passenger airlines, all of which departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California, were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda members. One plane hit the Pentagon just outside of Washington D.C., the second plane crashed in a field in Pennslyvania, and the last two planes crashed into the Twin Towers. Within one hour and 42 minutes both 110 story towers were completely on the ground, with debris filling the air and fires starting to spread.
The massive explosion caused burning debris to shower over the surrounding buildings and onto the streets below, which made it clear that America was now under attack. The terrorist attack killed 2,977 people. This awful event left a scar on America’s society. American Airline Flight 11 was hijacked and flown into the north tower of the World Trade Center
“Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve.” George W. Bush delivered this speech on the night of the September 11 attacks. The shattered steel of the Twin Towers, once towering the New York City skyline, forever changed America and its response to terrorism. The largest foreign attack on U.S. soil appropriately gave reason to Americans to recoil in fear and lose trust in the future, but in reality, the country displayed the opposite reaction.
I. Introduction This experiment uses calorimetry to measure the specific heat of a metal. Calorimetry is used to observe and measure heat flow between two substances. The heat flow is measured as it travels from a higher temperature to a lower one. Specific heat is an amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of anything one degree Celsius. Specific heat is calculated using several equations using the base equation: q=mc∆T II.
It is a subcategory of the standard enthalpy of reaction and defined as the energy released with the formation of 1 mole of water (Enthalpy of neutralization, 2018). Standard enthalpy of reaction is the enthalpy change that occurs in a system when matter is transformed by a chemical reaction. All products and reactants must be in their standard state (Standard enthalpy of reaction, 2017). The standard enthalpy change can be found by dividing the heat released during the reaction by the number of moles involved in the reaction (Enthalpy of neutralization,