Ischemic Gate Control Theory

In the article, “Sometimes Pain Is a Puzzle That Can’t Be Solved”, Abigail Zuger, the author, describes her own experiences with pain along with some examples and generalizations about the feeling. She claims that she is “ruled by (her) elbow” and “it is (her) constant companion, whimpering, and tugging at (her) sleeve.” She goes on to say that many people have the same problems, especially when drugs, “like naproxen and ibuprofen” are unhelpful and “might as well be cornflakes.” Finally, she explains how far we have advanced in the medical field, but “ none of (the) knowledge has translated into new treatments,” to help people such as herself.

In Brie Gertler’s “In Defense of Mind-Body Dualism” she uses the concept of pain to elaborate her defense of naturalistic dualism while simultaneously offering various criticisms of physicalism.

The purpose of my paper is to discuss the history of Congenital Analgesia and its presence in the human body. Congenital Analgesia, also referred to as Congenital Insensitivity to Pain or CIP, is a rare neurological disorder of the nervous system that prevents a person from being able to feel pain. Congenital Analgesia results from the “lack of ion channels that transport sodium across sensory nerves. Without these channels, nerve cells are unable to communicate pain” (Hamzelou, 2015, p. 1). While the body does not respond to extreme changes in temperature or bodily harm and damage, those with Congenital Analgesia can still process normal sensations such as body-to-body contact or joint movement.

The interchange of emotions and feelings within one’s self is a particularly hard thing to measure. Pain is a combatant of positive and negative change. Pain is one of the most prevalent causes of human change, and is a provoker of human deterioration. Pain has always been a major factor in healthcare. In this crosspost, the author will elaborate on the original threaded discussion by Ellerbee Mburu, Vail, and Barlow and add additional information on pain assessment and management.

There are also things that can be done at home. A Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) unit uses electrical impulses to stimulate nerves in order to relieve pain. These devices often require somebody to properly position the pads.

nowadays, and there are more and more pain management clinics have opened. There are two

In this essay, I will argue that identity theory, which is the view that the mind is the brain based on a posteriori, is not true using the multiple reliability argument (77). A posteriori refers to the philosophical theory that truth is based on having an experience (85).

The trapezius is a large muscle in the upper back that helps to control the shoulder blade (scapula) and stabilize the spine. Trapezius palsy happens when a nerve (spinal accessory nerve) that connects the spinal cord to the trapezius muscle becomes damaged. This causes pain and weakness in the back of the shoulder and the upper back. This also limits the range of motion of the shoulder joint. Damage to the spinal accessory nerve usually happens because of an injury to the back or shoulder.

Pharmacological agents include traditional (eg, local anesthetics, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], opioids) and nontraditional (eg, anticonvulsants, N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA]-receptor antagonists, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, antidepressants) analgesics. Nonpharmacological interventions, which have varying degrees of evidence regarding efficacy, include transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, cognitive behavioral therapies, acupuncture, heat therapy, massage, cold therapy, and touch therapy (Manworren, 2015).” The use of these multimodal analgesics allows the patient to experience pain management and less adverse effects. The use of these therapies is trying to take a holistic approach and soothe the body as a

Deep Tissue - Focused on realigning deeper layers of muscles and connective tissue, this massage is especially helpful for chronically tense and contracted areas, such as: stiff necks, low back tightness and sore shoulders. Using some of the same strokes as a classic Swedish massage (but moving slower), the therapist applies deeper pressure concentrated on areas of tension and pain.

Chronic pain is one of the common reasons for medical consultation. It is of complex natural history, unclear etiology and poor response to treatment. It causes significant morbidity, suffering, disability and over utilization of health care systems. CPS is a poorly defined condition. Most authors consider ongoing pain lasting longer than 6 months as diagnostic, and others have used 3 months as the minimum criterion. In chronic pain, the duration parameter is used arbitrarily. Some authors suggest that any pain that persists longer than the reasonable expected healing time for the involved tissues should be considered chronic pain.

Neuropathic pain was assessed using the painDETECT questionnaire (26). This validated one-page questionnaire is specifically directed to neuropathic pain symptoms and is easily to be completed during a clinic visit. The painDETECT questionnaire comprises a total of 12 questions about the severity, course and quality of pain. Pain intensity is to be rated on a 0-10 numerical rating scale (NRS) for three pain characteristics: current pain, strongest pain during the past four weeks, and average pain during the past four weeks. Common pain sites are then to be marked on a body diagram and the participant is asked if pain radiates to other body regions (yes/no). Next, the participant is asked to choose one of four different pictures that best describes

Alpha-2 adrenoceptors are found in CNS in highest densities in the locus ceruleus, the predominant noradrenergic nuclei of the brainstem and an important modulator of vigilance. Presynaptic activation of alpha-2A adrenoceptor in the locus ceruleus inhibits the release of nor-epinephrine & results in the sedative and hypnotic effects(62). In addition, the locus ceruleus is the site of origin for the descending medullospinal nor adrenergic pathway, known to be an important modulator of nociceptive neurotransmission. Stimulation of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in this area terminates the propagation of pain signals leading to analgesia. Postsynaptic activation of alpha-2 receptors in the CNS results in decrease in sympathetic activity leading to hypotension &

Blood clot can cause death. Blood doping can have the same side effect as the EPO , that is blood clot. Blood clot is usually form to repair damage artery or veins. It is in a jelly like form to prevent bleeding. When blood clot is formed and that it is not needed to repair any damaged artery or vein it may prevent good blood flow. The symptoms can be swelling , redness and pain, this may also reduce the oxygen delivery to tissues supplied by the artery concerned . the first symptom is usually pain. When the blood clot is formed in other areas like coronary arteries it is often accompanied by chest pain and heart attack.

The temptation to pop an Ecstasy (or also known as MDMA) pill in the concert is high. Loud music, flashy lights, raving music, and the desire to fit in further to tempt young teenagers and adults to take the drug. The pill promises them a good night, as it releases large amounts of the chemicals serotonin and oxytocin in the brain, making the person relaxed and euphoric. The essence of the drug may trap the user for those few hours, but it is important to remember that pleasure is not the only thing that is being welcomed in their body. The physical pain comes slowly as the user gets drawn into the addiction. The pain is a complex experience that can affect the user’s thoughts, moods, and behaviors(specify- make it more concrete). Ecstasy