CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
The Literature Review chapter if this thesis is dedicated to the foreign policy of small states and multivector foreign policy of Kazakhstan. The review is based on academic and official discourses. The primary aim of this chapter is to outline the main peculiarities of foreign policy of small state theory, Kazakh multivector approach and draw the cross-lines between two. Due to the fact that the main research question of this thesis is whether Kazakhstan is tilting away from multivector foreign policy, it is crucial to define the nature of multivectoralism and its relations to the foreign policy of small states.
I. Foreign policy of small states
Emerging in the second half of the 20th century, the concept of “foreign
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(2013) have conducted critical research on the mainstream ideas of foreign policy of small states. The notion of “conventional wisdom” not indoctrinated within the overall theory of foreign policy of small states but, it is often used by scholars who criticize the mainstream neo- or structural realist perception which predominates academic discourse on the subject matter. There are two crucial assumptions highlighted by critiques as being essential for conventional wisdom as related to the concept of foreign policy of small states. The two major assumptions of conventional wisdom derive from the neo-realist vision of states’ behavior in the international system. Neo-realism claims that it is the international anarchic system which serves as a primary casual factor for states’ behavior, as the “internal characteristics and the preferences of nations do not provide sufficient grounds for predicting behavior” (Waltz 1979, 202). Such a systemic approach to understanding IR represents neo-realism’s core difference from classical …show more content…
Kenneth Waltz, who is considered to be the founder of neo- or structural realism, based his arguments on system theories. The international system, as he claimed, “is generated by the interactions of its principal parts” (i.e. dominant states) (Waltz 1979, 72), which in turn would shape the behavior of small states. Arnold Wolfers and James Rosenau had similar assumptions on small states’ foreign policy. Wolfers argues that the necessity to analyze the internal decision making and domestic politics is more crucial while studying the foreign policy of great powers, while Rosenau highlights the international environment as more of an important factor to consider in analyzing the foreign policy of small states due to the importance of systemic factors (Elman 1995,
The Mongols period (1206-1368) was a horrific time but also somewhat peaceful. The Mongols invaded the largest land empire in “human history”. The Empire fell most times after two hundred after being built. The Mongols changed history greatly. They had many positive and negative on the empire.
In the mid 13th century, the Mongols conquered large amounts of land as a result of having a great military ruler, Genghis Khan. He was responsible for setting up khanates all over Asia in order to conquer and control more land in a more efficient manner. With this system in place the Mongol Empire spread rapidly. The purpose of these khanates was to help control land when Genghis could not be there, their was too much land for one man to control. Genghis khan was known to be a very smart and ruthless leader.
In this article they talk about how a Siberian gulag is one of the most polluted place in the world and how one man found a way to make profit off of it. This man is named Vladimir M. Stratyev; He is a miner of air pollution. In this area, metal particle rain down on the city and builds up in the river and on the streets. This is because of the smelter that produces one-fifth of the world’s nickel. When the metal cloud started to fall on the city Mr. Stratyev was a business opportunity.
Russian History has always been grounded on the fundamental principle of abrupt change that have been about through war and suffrage. Generally, the changes are forcibly thrusted wholesale on Russian and the civils residing inside of their wall, which contradicts the idea of a gradual revolution. Kievan Rus was a prince ran nation-state that marked the start of Russian culture and civils. The nation-state was ruled by various princes such as Vladimir, Pskov, Suzdal and Kiev – who constantly fought and argued for power and control of the area. The Kievan state reached its highest point and managed to attain relative peace in contrast to the years that have passed under the reign of St. Vladimir the Great and Yaroslav the Wise.
The Gulf War- A Realist Perspective Introduction Persian Gulf War, also called Gulf War (1990–91), was an international conflict that was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990. Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, ordered the invasion and occupation of Kuwait with the apparent aim of • acquiring that nation’s large oil reserves, • canceling a large debt Iraq owed Kuwait, • and expanding Iraqi power in the region. If Saddam were successful in capturing Kuwait, he would be considered the Supreme Leader of the Oil rich area. But it was not only a question of oil; territory was another relevant issue in Saddam’s agenda. He wanted to gain access of an old disputed territory, Kuwait.
Hopi Cultural Ecology The Hopi tradition of Hopivotskwani is the core of their existence in the past and in the present. This is the “Hopi Path of Life”, and guides all aspects of daily life, not just religious thoughts or ceremonies. It acts to connect the people to nature. Corn is also a vital crop and symbol for the Hopi People.
The dependency on Europe and North America by the Region, therefore, is the evidence of the empire the West has built by imperialism, and perpetual profit or loss of imperialism for a state, depending on which side of the divide that state stands. Imperialism does not end. The imperial power merely changes. Active, conspicuous imperialism might be latent in some states of the Region, but it surely is not absent. Independence and freedom alone can guarantee an end to imperialism, but ‘independence’ and ‘freedom’ are relative conceptions.
An example Krasner gives is that the “statesmen nearly always perceive themselves as constrained by principles, norms, and rules that prescribe and proscribe varieties of behavior”. In short, regimes, not individual states, are fundamental to international relations, which seek to enhance their own national
Idealism and Realism are two strongly opposed views of foreign policy. At the core of this opposition is the issue of power and security in politics. Realism establishes a separation between politics and ethics in order to understand and comprehend international events. Realists don’t oppose morality to politics, nor power to law, but rather oppose the utopian peaceful society to the nature of society.
In practice, that is to say, this essay will first and foremost explain what is meant by Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism. It will then hone in on a similarity of crucial importance, namely that both are in agreement that the international system is structured anarchically. The rationale behind this is twofold: firstly, anarchy lays the foundations upon which both theories are built and, secondly, it is from this similarity that fundamental points of contention come to light. For example, although there is consensus that the international system is structured anarchically, neo-realists and neoliberals hold differing views on the nature of anarchy: the former argues that anarchy is all-encompassing whereas the latter contends that
The current work is meant to explain the differences and similarities between the most dominant theories in international relations, Realism and Liberalism, both theories have some similarities and differences but much more important and interesting is to discuss and explain what differs and makes similar both theories. Conflicts and wars, Similarities and differences between Realism and Liberalism: Both Liberalism and Realism believes that there is no world government that can prevent countries to go to war on one another. For both theories military power is important and both Realism and Liberalism can understand that countries can use military power to get what they need or want. Also, both theories are conscious that without military
In this paper, I have attempted to present an understanding of Pakistan-India conflict by using constructivism theory of international relations. There are many reasons other than strategic reason causing this conflict like differences in ideologies, norms and beliefs. There are also cultural differences between these two nations. 2. Pakistan-India Conflict an overview South Asia is considered a region of great importance in the world.
The factors that I will look at are: the state of anarchy, an overarching regulatory body, their main objective, ranking and sovereignty. This is by no means an exhaustive list. By the end, I will strive to determine whether this analogy is accurate and, if it is, to what extent. Kenneth Waltz is the father of neorealism. His book, Theory of International Politics, departs from the classical and neoclassical realism theories.
It believes that all individuals are born with an increasing desire to own power hardwired inside them. In these circumstances dominant states should do direct high power over their rivals. In the other hand, structural realism does not define the quest for power, instead it is focused on the structure of the international
The international relations schools of thought known as Realism and Idealism identify specific and similar characteristics of actors in the conceptual development of their theories. While many of these characteristics can be generalized as being synonymous with the two theories, both theories make a separate distinction in what specifically constitutes an actor. In Realism, the term “actor” refers directly and solely to the state: a combination of government, leaders, decision-makers, etc, that act as a unitary entity to promote the interests of the state. Idealists, however, expand on what constitutes an actor to include both the state and people. Not only do the principles of Idealism assert that the state and people should be considered actors, in fact, both they must be viewed as actors.