Carsten Wright
Mr. Thiele
Mythology
15 May, 2023
Khonsu, the Egyptian God of the Moon
Khonsu, also referred to as Khons, Khensu, Chonsu, or Khonshu, was one of the foremost Egyptian gods of the moon. As an Egyptian god that has existed in myths and stories for thousands of years, Khonsu has undergone numerous personality, name, and influence changes within Egyptian culture and lore. From his time in ancient Egypt as a violent and terrifying god, his rise to fame after his adoption into the Theban Triad, his fall from fame after the collapse of the new Egyptian kingdom, and his recent rise in popularity brought about by popular shows and books, Khonsu, the mighty Egyptian moon god, has lived in countless roles and personalities.
Khonsu has been
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In ancient Egypt, before around 1600 B.C, Khonsu was portrayed as a terrifying and violent god. At his time, he was depicted in works such as the Cannibal Hymn as a guide for deceased pharaohs. Khonsu would lead them to other gods, who he would kill, giving their power to the pharaoh and eating their hearts. In the ancient Pyramid texts, depicting the same Khonsu, Khonsu was referred to as “Khonsu who lives on hearts” (“God Khonsu”). Later on, in the new Egyptian kingdom, Khonsu became known as “The Greatest of the Great Gods.” At this point, Khonsu’s behavior switched from that of a cannibal and guide to pharaohs to a protector and healer of the people.
This change in Khonsu was brought about almost singularly by his adoption into the Theban Triad as the son of Amun, a god of creation more important than Ra, Horus, or Set, and Mut, the mother of all life, two extremely important Egyptian gods. Before this point, various stories about Khonsu were conflicting on his character and personality, with most of his traits coming directly from an assortment of other gods, but after his adoption into the Theban triad, Khonsu’s personality was finally solidified into a much narrower range of attributes
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In Egyptian mythology, a god could choose a mortal to bestow their power on, usually in exchange for the mortal’s compliance in acting out the intentions of the god in the mortal realm. In 1975, Khonshu, Marvel’s adapted take on the Egyptian deity, was depicted doing just that in the Marvel comic Werewolf by Night. Marc Spector, avatar of Khonshu, becomes Moon Knight, the crime fighting vigilante suffering from dissociative identity disorder (DID), possibly as a result of Khonshu’s many aspects as a god. This version of Khonshu depicted in Moon Knight appears as the mummified skeleton of a man with a bird’s head, although if any symbolism is meant by this, it has yet to be revealed. Later, in 2011, with the release of The Throne of Fire by Rick Riordian, Khonsu appeared briefly as a young bald man, wearing a sidelock of hair to represent his youth. This version of Khonsu was only briefly involved in the plot of the story, but in this time managed to help the protagonists by turning back time multiple
Hatshepsut had to overcome many challenges in order to maintain control over the Egyptian region. This included shattering traditional stereotypes through the utilisation of propaganda. As Hatshepsut consolidated power in a society were females were inferior to men it proved a great challenge. Along with this belief the Egyptians believed that the ideal pharaoh was an image of the god Horus. Scholar Kate Narev affirms, the pharaoh was believed to be the living embodiment of the male god Horus (Narev, 2014).
Akhenaten, previously known as Amenhotep IV, was one of the most controversial Pharaohs to rule Egypt. As pharaoh, Akhenaten changed the polytheistic religion of Egypt to a monotheistic religion devoted to the Aten, which was depicted as a sun disk. The Egyptians despised this radical idea, but were forced to change their religion, art and their overall way of life. His reign began at around 1353 BC in the 18th Dynasty, following the death of his father Amenhotep III, and lasted until 1336 BC. His father’s reign was peaceful and prosperous, leaving Akhenaten with an Egypt of immense power and wealth.
Hatshepsut’s change in interpretation and image changed over the three stages of her life being as Queen Consort, Regent and as Pharaoh. These stages are shown through her change in titles and shifts in her physical depiction to the people of Egypt. As the wife of Thutmose II and Queen of Egypt, Hatshepsut was given the traditional titles of the most powerful women in Egypt consisting of ‘Kings Great Wife’ and ‘Gods Wife of Amun’. These titles allowed her to undergo the conventional expectations of being a Queen entailing bearing children and being a passive visible complement to the King.
King Tut was the 12th king of the 18th dynasty. His parents played a major role in how their son ruled Egypt. His father’s original name was Amenhotep, he later changed his name to Akhenaten which means a servant of Aten. Aten was the sun disc in Egypt. Before Akhenaten ruled, Egyptians supported polytheism which means they worshipped many gods.
The moon god Khonsu, with his name meaning "traveler," may relate to the perceived nightly travel of the moon across the sky. Khonsu was typically shown as a young man with a side lock of hair falling at the side of the face, a uraeus (placed on the headdresses of ancient Egyptian deities and rulers as a sign of great power), and a lunar disk on his head, or as a mummy-like young man. Khonsu was revered in ancient Egyptian religion. Khonsu was said to be the child of the god Amon and the goddess Mut in Egyptian mythology. In the Karnak complex in Thebes, a significant temple for Khonsu was constructed during the late New Kingdom (664 BC to 332 BC).
This is where the idea was planted for Akhenaten that Aten was “above all other gods” (Tim Maynor, 2011) and believes that Aten is everywhere and visible to everyone. That he is a god of everyday life. Ultimately Amenhotep III created himself as the God and tipped the power away from the priests of Amun, and thus, the Priests of the Old God were unhappy as they had lost their significant power and believed that Aten was eclipsing their power. When Akhenaten became king after his fathers death, he believed that if a pharaoh was God, then he should have no competition, and therefore, Akhenaten, to modern historians “[undid] 1500 years of tradition and rattle[d] Egypt to its foundation” (Tim Maynor, 2011). At first, Akhenaten escalated the conflict with the priests that his father had started.
Anubis was one of the most iconic gods in ancient Egypt. He is the protector of the dead, but he was originally the God of the underworld. He then became more associated with the embalming process and funeral
Following his father’s footsteps, Akhenaten shunned the Amun worship and Egyptian pantheon in favour of a singular god to worship through the pharaoh. The most significant and valued gods in Egypt were Ra, the sun god, and Amun, the hidden one. Often, the two gods would be combined into one, Amun-Ra, king of gods and god of kings. Hence, Akhenaten chose to worship Aten, an aspect of the sun god Ra, visualised as ‘the sun-disk’, and ostracise Amun and his
He took an artistic system that had been in place for many years, and brought realism, freedom of movement and expression to the art and culture. Before Akhenaten Egyptian art was stiff and reserved, the statues were formal, we can see daily life, or battles, but little emotion. With Akhenaten and Nefertiti, we are shown the royal nuclear family, their six daughters not just represented, but shown climbing on, and kissing their father, this intimacy had not been seen before. There is also the relief of the royal couple kissing in a chariot while basking in the sun’s rays. Not only are we shown the family, there is a change in how we see them.
The pharaohs are shown just as capable at everything the gods could do. She goes as far to say “The King was myth, as the Gods were myth”. (Hellum 140) The article explains that the interpretations of the myths portray the pharaohs on equal footing with the gods. There is a clear argument that a main factor in the mythology is to serve the elite almost exclusively.
With the removal of the Hyksos, Thebes became the most prominent city in all of Egypt. With this came Thebes as Egypt's main cultural center and the rise of Amon as the central deity during the New Kingdom of Egypt. The popularity of this deity rose sharply, and eventually was merged with the sun god of Heliopolis, Ra or Re, to form Amon-Re, the creator deity and ultimate advisor of the pharaohs (Wikipedia.) Amon-Re affected Egypt as well as the rest of the world by unifying Egypt, influencing pharaohs that ruled under his name, and his influence on other cultures. Amon was primarily worshipped in Thebes and surrounding areas only.
Statuettes, for example, this one where basic offerings to the divine beings in the late Egyptian world. Travelers regularly bought them from nearby sellers to leave as votives at religious locales. This sample delineates Osiris, divine force of the dead and image of resurrection. He wears the atef crown (a tall cap encompassed by upright quills), a mummy cover and neckline, and holds the evildoer and thrash, the badge of a united Egypt. Beside the pyramids, mummies and their pine boxes are the articles most connected with old Egypt.
Akhenaten is regarded as one of the most unusual and the least known pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. One of the main reasons that Akhenaten is regarded as the most unusual was his introduction of monotheism and the god Aten. Scholars, historians, archaeologists, and most of the general public doesn't know a whole lot about Akhenaten because most references of his rule were destroyed at the end of his reign. However there is at least enough information regarding his rule that we are able to decipher some of his accomplishments and his twist of religion. Akhenaten, born Amenhotep IV, was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled for seventeen years and died some where between 1336 BC or 1334 BC.
In this text, the author refers to the pharaoh by saying, “He is Re…,” “He is Khnum for all limbs,” “He is Bastet, who protects the Two Lands,” and “He is Sakhmet…” (Simpson 173). By directly referring to Senwosret as the sun god Re and the creator god Khnum, the text shows how the king was deified and idolized much like the important gods were. Personifying the pharaoh as Bastet and Sakhmet, who were the goddesses of protection and warfare, respectively, also demonstrates his protective nature and shows his determination to defend Egypt’s borders against the threat of its foreign neighbors.
One of the biggest changes Akhenaten made was shifting the primary worship away from the god Amun, and focused on the god of the sun, Aten. His father also ordered the images of other Egyptian gods be destroyed, which upset many Egyptians. After giving the order to destroy all images, Akhenaten also had the temples of the different gods destroyed or closed. Although the Egyptian people were probably happy to hear of Akhenaten’s death, his young son was not ready to ascend to the throne (“King Tut”