INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis of knee joint is supposed to be the most prevalent chronic joint disease. The incidence of osteoarthritis of knee is on a rise because of many factors like complex mechanics of knee joint, high prevalence of obesity and increased life expectancy which leads to increase in number of older individuals. Knee joint is subjected to excessive stress as it is used in almost all activities of daily living. Knee is important for activities like walking, climbing stairs, and rising from a chair, sitting, squatting and other activities. Chronic pain of knee joint may cause inability to perform daily activities. It is the main reason due to which patients seek treatment. Treatment options includes many non-pharmacological, …show more content…
REVIEW OF LITRATURE ANATOMY OF KNEE JOINT The embryological development of knee joint occurs from the leg bud in the 4th week. The formation of femur, tibia and fibula occurs in the 6th week. The knee joint embryologically arises from blastemal cells with the formation of the patella, cruciate ligaments and meniscus in the 7th week.22 Knee joint is formed by two condylar joints between the femoral condyles (medial and lateral both) and the corresponding tibial condyles. Knee joint also has a gliding joint between the patella and the corresponding femur articular surface. The fibula is not involved directly in forming the articular surface of the knee joint.23 Figure 1: Knee joint. The joint between the femur and the tibia is a complex type of synovial joint. The joint between the patella and the femur is a gliding type of synovial joint. The articular surfaces of the femur, tibia, and patella are covered by hyaline type cartilage.23 CAPSULE The capsule surrounds the sides and posterior aspect of the joint. It is attached to the margins of the articular surfaces. The capsule is absent at the front of the knee …show more content…
The menisci improve congruency between the femoral and condyles of tibia during this movement.27 Figure 8: Articular surfaces of knee joint (A- In extension, B- In flexion). EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS The ligamentum patellae is attached to the lower border of the patella superiorly and to the tibia tuberosity inferiorly. It is continuation of the central portion of the quadriceps femoris tendon.28 The cordlike lateral collateral ligament is attached superiorly to the lateral condyle of the femur and inferiorly to the head of the fibula. The tendon of the popliteus muscle is present between the lateral collateral ligament and the lateral meniscus.28 The medial collateral ligament is a flat band attached superiorly to the medial femoral condyle and inferiorly to the tibia shaft. It is also attached to the border of the medial meniscus.28 The oblique popliteal ligament is a tendon arising from the semimembranosus muscle. It reinforces the posterior aspect of the capsule.28 Figure 9: Extracapsular ligaments of knee
3. Partial thickness articular surface tear of the remaining portion of the supraspinatus tendon and infraspinatus tendon and subscapularis tendinopathy. 4. Severe osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joint.
The deformation known as clubfoot is a standout amongst the most widely recognized birth imperfections including the musculoskeletal framework. It presents intrinsic dysplasia of every single musculoskeletal tissue distal to the knee. It is a deformity in which the foot is twisted so that the sole cannot be placed flat on the ground. Understanding the microscopic structure of diseased tissues that characterize clubfoot are very important areas of research. The major component of the ligament, muscle, tendon, bone and joint cartilage involved in clubfoot is collagen.
The ACL crosses diagonally in the middle of the knee behind the patella and it connects the tibia to the femur. Its function is to prevent the tibia from sliding in front of the femur and to prevent overextension of the knee. The LCL connects the femur to the fibula and its function is to keep the lateral side of the knee stable. RG3’s injury is due to an ACL and LCL tear. The ACL was torn when his foot planted in the field and his knee cut into internal rotation.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament The ACL is a ligament in the outer leg next to the knee. Most anterior cruciate ligament tears require surgery, unless the orthopedic surgeon says otherwise. An ACL tear is the most common injury and in the knee. These injuries are happening more frequently in teenagers now. The ACL can be strengthened to help prevent it from tearing.
Compress your knee with an elastic bandage and elevate on while laying down, the injured knee should be above the heart. Anti-inflammatory medication is also effective when trying to reduce pain. If you are not having instability in your knee then most of the average people let it heal on it 's own because they wouldn 't have to take to risk of surgery (Cluett 25). Surgery is a risk, many athletes are concerned about the small risk of transmission of infections. Diseases like AIDS can be transferred because of the true graft operation where an ACL is taken from a dead human and used as the ligament of someone else.
What is the medial collateral ligament (MCL)? The MCL is one of the main four ligaments that is part of the knee. This ligament is a broad, thick band that runs down the inner part of the knee, from the femur to the top of the tibia, but is located outside the joint itself. The job of the MCL is to support the knee with the help of the other ligaments in the knee. When stress is applied to this ligament it aids control in transferring the join through a normal range of motion.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease Osgood-Schlatter disease is an inflammation of the area below your kneecap called the tibial tubercle. There is pain and tenderness in this area because of the inflammation. It is most often seen in children and adolescents during the time of growth spurts. The muscles and cord-like structures that attach muscle to bone (tendons) tighten as the bones are becoming longer. This puts more strain on areas of tendon attachment.
Introduction The aim of this review paper is to access the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury of the knee (tibiofemoral) joint, which is a common sport and exercise injury related to the musculoskeletal system. Investigation of the anatomy and physiology of the knee joint, and the diagnosis, etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of ACL injuries will provide a descriptive epidemiology. This will aid readers in making informed management and treatment decisions, and guide them to safely perform movements to prevent injury. This review paper will incorporate holistic views on relevant scientific research, including primary resources such as journal articles and lecture notes, which will be cross-referenced
To make the knee joint in the center, we would need to move the field size anteriorly half an inch to an inch. There is optimal exposure with no motion. This image also visualizes the soft tissue, including fat pad region anterior to knee joint and sharp trabecular markings. My marker is clearly demonstrated and is out of any anatomy. There are no artifacts on this
In same studies it showed that among the subjects between 25 and 74 years of age, the prevalence of knee symptoms such as pain, swelling and morning stiffness increased with age and knee pain was slightly higher among women compared to men (Hannan et al, 2000). Knee pain is very likely a health problem with tremendous health care costs, despite the lack of direct cost estimates. In 1996–1997, more than 6 million Americans sought medical care for knee problems (Peat et al
The articulation between the tibia and fibula can be divided into three zones: the proximal tibiofibular joint, the interosseous membrane and the distal tibiofibular joint or distal tibiofibula syndesmosis. The proximal tibiofibular syndesmotic joint stabiliezed by posterior superior tibiofibular and anterior superior tibiofibular ligaments, this
Discussion The ankle is the most frequently injured major joint in the body. Ultrasonography (US) performed with high-resolution broadband linear-array probes has become increasingly important in the assessment of ligaments around the ankle because it is low cost, fast, readily available, and free of ionizing radiation. US can provide a detailed depiction of normal anatomic structures and is effective for evaluating ligament integrity. In addition, US allows the performance of dynamic maneuvers, which may contribute to increasing the visibility of normal ligaments and improved detection of tears (1).
Patients sat in a stable chair with their hands placed on their laps while the affected knee was held at 90 degrees. The patient extended their knee by “kicking as hard as possible”, stated Yoshinori Hiyama et. al. using the dynamometer isometric leg muscle strength measurements. Calculations were performed of maximal contractions by the dynamometer and center of rotation of the knee joint.
Although knee pain is the most commonly reported joint pain, hip, finger and shoulder pain are also imminent, and could result from numerous situations including poor posture,
Abstract: A meniscus is a piece of cartilage found where two bones meet. This joint space distributes loads to protect the articular cartilage of the knee joint from too much stress. Injuries to these regions increase the risk for knee osteoarthritis, can disrupt regular function, and do not heal. The goal of meniscus tissue engineering is to use regenerated tissue in order to restore the normal function of the meniscus.