Ketoconazole Loaded Proliposomes Lab Report

In our experiment, we examined the behavior of isopods by conducting the experiment based on our hypothesis: “If ten isopods are put into the test chamber, 5 in sand and 5 in soil, which environment will the pillbug prefer.” We hypothesized that the isopods would favor the soil more than the sand because pillbugs are typically found in soil and not in sand. Pillbugs are favored in soil because the natural role of a pillbug is to eat dead and decaying things but, in sand there are no nutrients available for pillbugs. Pill bugs are mostly found in moist environments, due to having gills, gills only function when they are wet so pill bugs will inhabit places in which air holds a lot of water

The lab allowed the experimenters to learn more about the macromolecules in cells. We tested for the presence of proteins, sugars, fats, and starches in solutions. The question for this lab is “How does an experimenter detect the presence of certain macromolecules in a substance?” We found the answers throughout the lab. Our hypotheses for the biuret reagent test is the the distilled water will turn blue, showing a negative test result. Also, the albumin will turn purple, showing a positive test result. For the iodine test, our hypothesis is that the water will turn orange and the starch suspension and potato juice will be black. In other words, the distilled water tube will have a negative result and the starch suspension and potato juice will have a positive result. The hypothesis for the benedict’s reagent test is the test tube containing water will be blue after heating and the test tube containing the glucose solution will be orange after heating. This means that the water test tube will have a negative result and the glucose solution will have a positive result. Lastly, our hypothesis for the lipid test is that the water would sit on top of the brown paper and the oil will eventually soak into the paper.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether over the counter pain killers, for example, aspirin, coated aspirin and fast acting aspirin dissolve at different rates affected by the level of acidity in the solvent.

Figure (3-12) showed the difference in maximum drug released from Formulas of different oil phase type at constant kind and concentration of other constituents. From these results, we found that the sequence of magnitude of maximum drug release at the end of the experiment is as follows F1 >F11 > F12 > and F13 for that the percentages of drug release are 82%, 79%, 78.22%, 72.38% for Castor oil, peppermint oil, Liquid paraffin and Lavender oil respectively as an oil phase in formulas for by using 15gm of oil in each formula for release over 5:30 hr.

In this experiment, luminol was prepared from 3-nitrophthalic acid and hydrazine under high heat. 3-nitrophthalic acid and hydrazine produced the precipitate 3-nitrophthalhydrazine, which was isolated using vacuum filtration. 3-nitrophthalhydrazine reacts with sodium dithionite to produce luminol. The solid luminol was isolated by vacuum filtration, then its chemiluminescence was demonstrated through its reaction with iron from a solution of potassium ferricyanide. The product obtained was identified on whether it glowed.

The purpose of this lab is to use control variables to help identify different macromolecules. Biological systems are made up of these four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are sugar molecules (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides) which make them the most abundant macromolecule on the earth. Lipids (oils and fats, phospholipids and steroids) are insoluble in water and perform many functions such as energy source, essential nutrients, hormones and insulators (Lehman, 1955). Proteins are made up of peptide bonds holding amino acids together to perform biological functions like enzymes, antibodies, for transport and structure (Asmus, 2007). Lastly, nucleic acids

New copolymeric membranes was offered for the efficient delivery of antibiotic drug using the synthesized chitosan–copoly(semicarbazide–formaldehyde–phenylhydrazine) blend membranes. The membranes were prepared by solution casting technique and characterized by elemental, spectral and scanning electron microscopy to establish the chemical structure and morphology. Scanning electron microscopy clearly reveals that the increased porosity in the polymeric network enables rapid swelling; leads to faster diffusion which facilitates effective drug release. The composition of chitosan content also governs the swelling behavior i.e. increased chitosan content showed excellent swelling behavior leads to profound drug delivery. The drug delivery results clearly indicates that the chitosan and its blend membranes have effectively released the antibiotic drug in a short time and proved to be a promising candidate for the drug delivery. The kinetic study of the drug release profile clearly establishes that the drug release is very well fit with the Higuchi model and also follows swelling and

Later, 5ml of 1 x 10-6 M of mepyramine was added into the reservoir containing 1000ml of Krebs-Henssleit solution to produce a FBC of 5.0 x 10-9M. It was equilibrated with tissue for 10 minutes by flushing into the organ bath. After that, the steps above were repeated to test tissue response using 5ml of 1 x 10-5M and 1 x 10-4M of mepyramine. The experiment was repeated by replacing mepyramine with SIPBSDrug A as the antagonist. Lastly, concentration-response curve with Hill-Langmuir equation and Schild Plot were plotted using Bio-Graph. KB and pA2 values for mepyramine and SIPBSDrug A were calculated based on Schild plots and Gaddum

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drugs at timed intervals in order to maintain a relatively constant concentration in a patient's bloodstream, thereby optimizing individual dosage regimens. It is not necessary to use therapeutic drug monitoring for all the of medications, and it is used mainly for monitoring drugs with some narrow therapeutic ranges, drugs with marked variability in pharmacokinetic, medications with target concentrations which are difficult to monitor, and drugs that are known to cause therapeutic and adverse effects. The process of therapeutic drug monitoring is based on the assumption that there is a specific relationship between dose and plasma or blood drug concentration, and between concentration and therapeutic effects. Therapeutic drug

Genetic engineering is changing the DNA code to express different traits. A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA that contains important genetic information. Recombinant DNA is the product after inserting your desired genes. The genes we hoped to insert in the pGLO lab were the GFP gene and the ampicillin resistance gene. GFP was needed so that we would tell if the ampicillin resistance gene had been properly placed when the bacteria glowed under a UV light. The purpose of this lab was to perform a procedure known as genetic transformation which allowed us to genetically engineer E. Coli to be ampicillin resistance.

Throughout the mixing process, the clear red solution slowly changes to a denser red solution (Appendix figure 23). A thermometer was used for temperature checking. The beaker was removed from the hot plate when the temperature was found to be higher than 50 ℃. This was done to prevent a sudden gelation happen before all the active dissolved in the ethylene glycol. Moderate heating of the solution for a period of time is allowed to obtain a wet gel (Appendix figure 24). The wet gel may not look fully solid depending on the composition of the active added into the ethylene glycol. When all the active ingredients were dissolved in the ethylene glycol, the solution turned color from a clear red solution to a darker reddish brown color. The wet gel was observed to be slightly reddish brown in color. Before moving on to the formation of gel process, the magnetic bars were removed from all the samples. Continuous heating at high temperature (more than 50℃ but lower than 80℃) was allowed to obtain wet gel for all the samples of Co-Ti substitution from 0.2 to 1.0. After the wet gel was formed, continuous heating of the wet gel yield the product in powder

If the drug is administered in a rectal pathway approximately 100% of Secobarbital is absorbed. The absorption of Secobarbital is rapid and takes duration of 3-4hrs.

The bioavailability of an active ingredient also depends on its concentration in the gastrointestinal fluid, said concentration itself being dependent on the release of the active ingredient. In particular, the more lipophilic an active ingredient is, the less tendency it has to migrate in gastrointestinal fluids.

Trypanosomes coevolved with humans through a variety of mechanisms that left lasting effects on both organisms. These parasites generate two main human diseases: Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and African sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei. These two trypanosomes diverged early in humans, and therefore, evolved very differently from each other, each leaving its own impact on its host (Stevens and Gibson 1998). Human and non-human immune systems have developed many defenses against these parasites. Through an array of mechanisms: human migration (Stevens and Gibson 1998), industrialization (Gakuppo et al. 2009), and improvements in health care (Matovu, Seebeck, Enyaru, and Kaminsky 2001) these environmental pressures

Forty male albino rats (120–150 g) were purchased from AL-Zyade Experimental Animals Production Center, Giza, Egypt. Rats were housed in polypropylene cages with mesh wire covering at 22-25°C with 60-65% relative humidity and under a 12-hr light/dark cycle. Clean food and water were provided ad libitium. After 2 weeks of acclimatization, the rats were randomly divided into four groups, each group had 10 animals as the following; group 1: control group fed with free basal diet, group 2: fed with basal diet containing aflatoxin, group 3: fed with basal diet containing bee pollen, and group 4: fed with basal diet containing aflatoxin and bee pollen with the same previously mentioned concentrations. All experimental procedures were approved by