Lactate Lab Report

The oxidation of these molecules is primarily used to transform the energy contained in these molecules into ATP. ATP os a large source of energy for muscle contractions and can therefore be referred to as "energy currency" of the cells. The fuel molecules is first converted into acetyl-CoA and then can be inserted in the Krebs Cycle. Looking at the path of a nutrient, such as glucose, the oxidation of the molecule takes place in the glycolysis.

If the concentration of glucose in the blood is low / below the normal range, it leads to the secretion of glycogen from the alpha cells. Glycogen will change the energy stores such as glycogen in the liver to the glucose (stimulates the breakdown of glycogen) by increasing the level of sugar in the blood(ibid).

When blood glucose levels rise above 5mM, the release the hormone insulin to lower this. (glycogenesis) Insulin receptors are found in the liver, muscles and fat cells. Once the insulin hormone bonds to the insulin receptor it stimulates an increased intake of glucose into these tissues, lowering blood glucose levels. The glucose taken in by the liver is stored mostly as glycogen.

Cholesterol is a waxy fat-like substance that is produced in the liver.40 Cholesterol is necessary to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. It is a key ingredient in cortisol which helps control the inflammation. Cholesterol is necessary for vitamin D production from sunlight. It also helps create bile acids that digests fats. Cholesterol also plays a significant role in the synthesis of cell membranes.

What stimulates the production of this hormone? What effect does it have on the kidneys? (3 marks) The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone is produced in specialized myocardial cells primarily n the atria of the heart (Silverthorn et al., 2013). Natriuretic peptides are released by the heart when increased blood volume causes increased atrial stretch (Silverthorn et al., 2013).

Furthermore, regeneration phase produces other carbohydrates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, and glucose 6-phosphate. This last phase is similar to pentose pathway which is why Calvin cycle is often referred to as the reductive pentose

Independent Variable amount of substrate (sucrose) present 3. Controlled Variables temperature, pH, sucrase + sucrose incubation time 4. Describe what is measured as an indicator of sucrase activity and why this is an indicator of sucrase activity. I believe glucose and fructose was used as an indicator because they are what produces sucrose and sucrose creates more sucrase activity.

INTRODUCTION: Lipase also called as triacylglycerol acylhydrolaseis an enzyme known for its enormous applications for industry and diagnostics. Their basic activity is to convert fats into fatty acids and glycerol. These enzymes are water soluble in nature. They also convert polar solvents into more lipolytic substances.

Then again, cytosolic malate can be oxidized to oxaloacetate, which can be converted to aspartate or glucose [Jones et.al 2000]. Step 5: Hydrolysis of arginine to form ornithine and urea Enzyme Arginase is required in this step. The arginine is hydrolyzed to generate the urea and to change the ornithine. It occurs in liver cells cytosol.

Leukotrienes (LT) are fatty acid-derived mediators containing a conjugated triene structure. They are formed when arachidonic acid (Chapter 26) is liberated from the cell membrane of cells, as a result of cell activation by allergic or other noxious stimuli. 5-Lipoxygenase is the enzyme required for the synthesis of LTA4, which is an unstable epoxide precursor of the two subgroups of biologically important leukotrienes. LTB4 is a dihydroxy 20-carbon-atom fatty acid which is a potent pro-inflammatory chemo-attractant. The other group is the cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4).

I would choose pyruvate because according to ergo-log. Com the form of pyruvate results in more power than citrate. Pyruvate is released in large quantities in the body when cells cut glucose molecules in two during energy burning processes. Citric acid is released during the citric acid cycle, part of the processes whereby the body converts food into energy.

It is released in moments of stressed, whether emotionally, physically, or environmentally. Cortisol plays an important role in regulating our body metabolism in breaking down protein to amino acids, which is then moved to liver. The liver then converts these excess amino acids to glucose.

In order for cells to energy stored in triacylglyceride, mobilization of triacylglyride into fatty acids and glycerol, activation of acetyl-CoA and their subsequent transport to the mitochondria and finally degration of fatty acid into acetyl-CoA and generation of ATP. Triacylglycerol is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by the enzyme triacyglyceride lipase. The fatty acids binds to serum albumin and travels through the bloodstream to the mitochondria while the glycerol travels to the liver for metabolism because the fatty acids of the triglyceride is insoluble in water and therefore cannot travel through the bloodstream. The

permitted through facilitated diffusion involving glucose transporters. Glucose transporters are specialised for different cell types, for muscle and fat cells, type 4 glucose transporters (GLUT4) are used, as muscle cells are vital to athlete performance in the rainbow rage, GLUT4 shall be examined in this example. Firstly, insulin binds to insulin receptors on the surface of the cell. This sends a signal to GLUT4 vesicles from inside the cell initiating their movement to the cell wall. GLUT4 vesicles fuse to the outer cell membrane, catalysing the movement of glucose into the cell, this is the major endocytic process within cells.