Structural Learning Theory
2.1.1 Behaviourist or Structural CALL
Behaviourist views of language learning and of language teaching were predominant in the two decades following the Second World War. The learning theory was very influential in the 1940s and 1950s. These views drew on general theories of learning propounded by psychologists such as Watson (1924), Thorndike (1932), Skinner (1957) and Dakin (1973). With regard to language learning, the best known proponent of this psychological theory was B.F. Skinner. Dakin identifies three general principles of language learning derived from these theories: a. the law of exercise i.e. language learning is promoted when the learner makes active and repeated responses to stimuli, b. the law of effect i.e. importance
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The programmes used for language teaching were designed to teach through repetition and to check learners’ responses to grammatical, vocabulary, or reading exercises and provide them with instant feedback on their answers. According to Kern & Warschauer, this is “consistent with the structuralist approach, which emphasized that repeated drilling on the same materials was beneficial or even essential to learning” (p.8). The computer, in this model, acted as a tutor that delivered the language instruction. One of the widely known programs during the Behaviourist era was Programmed Logic/Learning for Automated Teaching Operations (PLATO) developed …show more content…
17).
The behaviourist views on language learning were discredited with Chomsky’s review of Skinner’s Verbal Behaviour which points out dangers of extrapolating from laboratory studies of animal behaviour to the language behaviour of humans. The terms ‘stimulus’ and ‘response’ were exposed as vacuous where language behaviour was concerned. In addition to this, studies of children acquiring L1 showed that parents rarely corrected their children’s linguistic errors, thus casting doubts on the importance of
‘reinforcement’(Ellis, 2002). This, growing dissatisfaction towards behaviourist theory paved the way for the subsequent theory of second language learning called Cognitive theory of language teaching and learning. 2.1.2 The Cognitive or Communicative CALL
The Cognitive or Communicative CALL was introduced in 1970s. In this era, mainframe
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684 Words | 3 PagesThe students are then assigned an animal to help remind them of the connected strategy as they practice their reading. This program works off of assuming that the students have knowledge of the graphemic structure of the English language, as well as the phonemes associated with each grapheme. With this prior knowledge in mind, the program teaches students strategies to use these graphemes and corresponding phonemes to decode and comprehend language. These
TPE/4 Learning Model
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Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning Analysis
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1018 Words | 5 PagesDifferentiation, with respect to instruction, means tailoring it to meet individual needs of the students. Teachers can differentiate content, process, products, or the learning environment, the use of ongoing assessment and flexible grouping makes this a successful approach to instruction. Teachers differentiate the four classroom elements based on student readiness, interest, or learning profile. (Tomlinson 2000). Differentiated instruction can be known as an organizing framework in teaching and learning which calls for a major restructuring in the classroom and syllabus, if done in the proper way, its benefits will transgress the costs.
Mod-Dependent Learning Analysis
223 Words | 1 PagesMood-dependent learning is superior retrieval of memories when people remain in same mood as it was during encoding. When people learnt some knowledge under a specific emotion situation, also called as mood, it will be more easily for them to recall those knowledge clearly under the some mood. It is a strategy that I can use for my future exam. As professors usually set the time for midterms at the beginning of every semester and give out the practice test several weeks before the exam, I have enough time to reproduce a simulation test in order to consolidate my knowledge. For example, MAth220's final exam will be held at 8:00-11:00 am on Dec.15th.
Pavlov's Theory Of Classical Conditioning
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Behaviorism And Piaget's Theory Of Cognitive Development
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814 Words | 4 Pagesinitiative for planning their own learning, seeking out the necessary resources, implementing and evaluating their own learning (tenant p10). The research by Tough prompted a multitude of research on the phenomenon. To date self-directed learning is one of the most widely researched area in the field of adult learning ( Owen , T Ross 2002). Categories of SDL Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner p107 have classified studies on self-directed learning into three broad categories. Each of these categories captures a major perspective of self-directed learning.
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1623 Words | 7 PagesBy so doing the learner would be reinforcing the Behaviorism the favorable outcomes. This kind of theory is mostly passive meaning the learners are being instructed to act without bringing up a reaction. The behaviorist theory believes that “infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving imitation, rewards, and practice. Human role models in an infant’s environment provide the stimuli and rewards,” (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004).
Nativist Theory Of Language Acquisition
1333 Words | 6 PagesThe questionable and ambiguous nature surrounding the notion that children play an active role in acquiring language has been debated by many theorists of different perspectives. These three perspectives include the learning view, the nativist view and the interactionist view. In this essay I will discuss each perspective with reference to psychological theories and research that relates to each view. The learning perspective of language acquisition suggests that children acquire language through imitation and reinforcement (Skinner, 1957). The ideology behind this view claims that children develop language by repeating utterances that have been praised by their parent, therefore gaining a larger vocabulary and understanding of phrases over
Watson's Theory Of Behaviorism
705 Words | 3 PagesIn support of his findings, Skinner eventually realized that human beings could not only respond also manage their environment to induce results. However, Skinner and Watson both repudiated that thinking or emotion plays a significant role in determining behavior. Instead, humans appear to learn many behaviors -including languages- through repetitions and positive or negative reinforcement. Scientifically speaking, behaviorism explains how learning takes place. When it is taken into account in the field of language teaching, it shows how languages are learned.
Essay On Child Language Development
752 Words | 4 PagesCrain and Lillo-Martin state that “language is not a concrete set of things out in the world that we can point out to or measure rather; it is something inside our brains and minds”. The LAD in a child’s mind will eventually help the child to make sense of the language that develops through social interactions and experience. The LAD within the child’s brain makes it easy for them to understand the language. This claim is in coherence with Bruner (1957) who claims that, “Children are not little grammarians, motivated to decode the syntax of the language around them through the operation of their LAD, but social beings who acquire language in the service of their needs to communicate with others”. I second this statement because I believe that the acquisition of language is innate but the development of the language is parallel with what the child’ experiences and social interaction with their family, school, society.
Essay On Nature Or Nurture
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