Language Standardization

After the Norman invasion, English was not the first language of the ruling classes. For several countries, French and Latin were spoken in England as well as English which in its many regional forms was the language of everyday life and of the lower classes. In the fourteenth century, the official government documents were first written in English, a sense of a national

Very few, if any, immigrants have the opportunity or time to learn English before they immigrate to the U.S. This barrier makes it almost impossible to warn and aid them. Although the Border Patrol and humanitarian groups attempt to warn immigrants about human smugglers, the signs are written in English. In addition to indecipherable signs, the language border hinders an immigrant’s ability to survive in American society. In almost every community, English is the written and spoken language.

Ultimately it allowed the founding fathers to recognized the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and fix the shortage of this prestigious paper. As the Constitution was ratified it offered solutions to all the problems the nation was facing and brought all thirteen colonies into one. The Constitution created a system that divided Congress into two houses, first the House of Representatives then the Senate. This helped give people from the smaller states a voice against the bigger states and its people, which lead for equal representation. The ratification also gave the central government more power while Congress gained the power to enforce good interstate relations and regulate trade being made.

According to Kirkpatrick, AAVE has its own lexical items and phonological features as the mainstream English (64). A well-known example is the non-use of consonant cluster in final position (Kirkpatrick 64). However, as Green suggests, most scholars do not thoroughly outline the rules of AAVE (222). The American do not have much opportunity to learn more about the language. Thus, it gives a misconception to the American that AAVE is a wrong English instead of a variety of

Many linguistics were afraid that the English would be corrupted, and some expressed the concern that what was being written at that time would would be unrecognizable to future generations. Lexicographers took advantage of the moment and began to set the standards for the language .In the 18th century, there was a switch in the authority from the grammarians to the lexicons. The one person who made a bid for lexicographers authority was Samuel Johnson. He created the role of the dictionary editior. There was a great demand for dictionaries because English was the first language in the country, and the English was taught in the schools.

A massive improvement of what was commonly known as 'block printing ' used during the early 14th century. Though Gutenberg had not invented the first printer he made the idea of printing more efficient and reliable. An iron printing press was first invented in 1234 by Chae Yun-eu

Such large numbers of new people would create a diversity uncommon in colonial America. Unlike those in New England, specifically Boston who had more cultural homogeneity, Philadelphia would follow the John Bodnar model of assimilation and bring with them unique cultural baggage. The story of Benjamin Franklin and his rise to prominence is a tale that had a lasting impact on the city he would call home. He would help to shape Philadelphia into an example for urbanization in colonial America. Franklin’s involvement in issues relating to city services, economic inequality, and the role of virtue in individual identify not only shaped Philadelphia, but provided us with a window into the attitudes surrounding social change, reform, and community

Separating creates a tremendous impact because it involves rejection of the dominant culture (perhaps reciprocated by them) (Berry 1997). Separation occurs immediately after individuals adapt to new cultural and behavioral norms, but sometimes involve culture exuviation without culture learning. In many studies, for example, Berry’s (2011) study on Chinese students migrating to Germany, males prefer separation because separation is empowered by a dominant society, and in this study, the males empowered the women (Yu & Wang, 2011). Therefore, separation is only allowed when cultures involvement with others. This results in marginalization, where the individual does not identify with or participate either his or own host culture or own

356), this proves that our priorities are focused elsewhere and not on our language and culture. This compares to the previous article because without proper funding we are lacking the ability to learn, therefore having to teach ourselves; which leads to improper learning. In “Do You Speak American” Macneil says, “ You do have to be bilingual in this country, which means you can be very adept at slang”(MacNeil Pg.311), this goes against the first two articles because it is basically saying that you have to do be very fluent in slang but if we were educated in proper English then we would not know

The majority of the immigrants who are seeking asylums do not speak the language of the country that they are moving to. The host nation must hire bilingual interpreters so that they understand each other well. This is an economic deficit for the host nations to provide interpreters’ salary. They also provide literacy classes for all newcomers so that they can learn the host nations’ languages as soon as possible to be self- sufficient because there is not always an interpreter for everyone (Salam,