INTRODUCTION Young children are dependent on the care they receive from others. Kendra Cherry 2015, questioned that why it is important to study how children grow, learn, and change? She also explained that, why it is very important to understand child development, she believed that, it helps us to gain the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that the child crosses from birth and into the early adulthood. Moreover, all the child’s physical and psychological needs must be met by one or more people who understand what infants, in general, need and what this baby, in particular, wants. Therefore, it is important to learn the major theories of child development. The four developmental theories that I am going to explain …show more content…
He believed most of Freud’s work as a starting place to develop his theory, and set eight main stages across the lifespan. Erikson believed that, in each stage we face a crisis, and we need to solve the crisis, or else later we have to face some problems. Likewise, in each crisis there are two surfaces. One is a positive trait and if we follow that we will obtain positive outcomes. Where as in the other surface, there is a negative trait, and if we follow that we will obtain negative outcomes. Furthermore, in each stage has a positive or negative outcome. The result of the stage is determined by our …show more content…
He also stated that, infants and young children understand the world much differently than adults do, and as they play and explore, their mind learns how to think in ways that better fit with reality. Moreover, Piaget believed that children learn many skills and creating ideas by interacting with the environment. He also believed that children gain knowledge continuously from their teachers and parents as well. In addition, children build on their own knowledge by using their sensory motor skills. Piaget proposed that children go through four stages of cognitive development: The table below shows Piaget’s four stages of cognitive
The next stage that Piaget developed starts at about age two and lasts until the child is about six or seven years old. This stage he called the Pre-Operational Period. During this stage, children start to use mental imagery and language. Children here are very egocentric. These children view things that are happening around them in only one point of view...their 's. Piaget probably found that his own children at this age could not reason why their parents felt the way they did, but only reasoned from what the children knew.
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development states four stages of cognitive development. During the first Sensorimotor Stage which Piaget
However, an individual does not necessarily need to master the stage in question and revisit the stage in order to complete it thoroughly. In the second chart that was mentioned, Erikson goes more in-depth about the fifth stage; identity versus identity diffusion but adds a precursor for generativity versus stagnation; leader and followership vs. authority
Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt Germany in 1902 his young mother raised for a while until she married his physician. (New York Times 1994). Erikson for many years did not know that his stepfather was not his biological father. After finding out it took a toll on him, throughout his life he struggled with identity and felt that his stepfather never fully accepted him. He went to an all Jewish school where he was bullied from his peers because of his appearance.
Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development could help counselor understand how well he resolved possible crisis during his development by his outcomes such as graduation, marriage, awards,
Development Theory Erik Erikson postulated eight psychosocial stages, an innovation to the five stages development of Dr. Sigmund Freud. Each of the psychosocial stages is marked by a psychosocial crisis that needs to be resolved so that the individual can move on. In these stages especially during the initiative versus guilt stage, Erikson believed that children begin to have the ability to control themselves and now learn to have some influence over others. This stage is the play age of children. Thus, crisis unresolved during this stage will lead children to become compulsively moralistic or overly inhibited (Apruebo, 2008).
Eriksons model of development focuses on key challenges that the person needs to meet and overcome in the course of their life. It views them in terms of the significant social relationships they take place within and what the favourable outcomes are of each challenge. The staging according to age/significant social relationship removes the sexualized language of Freud while still recognizing formative periods of development early on. The first three stages follow closely those of Freud but do so without the same limiting to social gender roles. Eriksons viewing of development in terms of psycho-social crisis’ also takes on board Jungs concern for the need of a deeper/meaningful view of human development.
Children who receive responsive care are able to develop the psychological quality of hope and those that do not, will become apprehensive and suspicious around people” (Sharkey, 1997). Montessori: “The spiritual embryo, therefore, needs the protection of an environment rich in nourishment and love and a concentrated relationship with his parents to ensure nothing comes to harm it. Caregivers should take special care of the psychic life of a newborn child, for if his environment is neglected, the psychic life of the child will be in constant danger” (Montessori, 1967). PUNISHMENT Erikson:
Erik Erikson is an impactful name in the realm of psychology. He designed a theory believing that all humans go through eight stages of development from birth up until death that is influenced by their environment.. In the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the author connects the monster to Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development to progress his character and the actions he commits. The initial weeks of the monster’s existence are important for the development of the monster and learning how to live life on earth, but with the environment he was created into, he fails to develop basic human behaviors.
Piaget thought that cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of growing up and experiencing the different environments. There are three main stages to adulthood: early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late
Piaget developed a stage theory of intellectual development that included four distinct stages: the sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2; the preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7; the concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11; and the formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood. He believed that there were four necessary ingredients for cognitive development which included: “maturation of the nervous system, experiences gained through interaction with physical world, social environment, and child’s active participation in adapting to environment & constructing knowledge from experience.” (Sullivan, 2014, Slide 3) The sensorimotor stage occurs between birth and age 2. Infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and handling objects.
Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory Why this topic? Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is very important. There are some reasons of it. The first reason is because learning is existencial issue for an individual.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Cognition is a process where different aspects of the mind are working together that lead to knowledge. Piaget’s cognitive development theory is based on stages that children go through as they grow that lead them to actively learn new information. Cognitive change occurs with schemes that children and adults go through to make sense of what is happening around them. The change that occurs is activity based when the child is young and later in life correlates to mental thinking. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development start from birth to adulthood
Erikson’s model of development focuses on positive possible outcomes. Like Sigmund Freud, Erikson also based his theory development in a series of stages but he was most interested on how the impact of social interaction and personal relationships would positively impact a person development. Eriksonbelieved thatwhen a person experiences a conflict that encounter can serve as a turning point in a person development. Conflicts are vitalfordeveloping qualitieswhich would mean that a person could gain psychological strength that will help them in life. Failing to develop qualities means that the person may not develop essential skills needed for a strong sense of self.
Introduction In this assignment, I am going to discuss about the four major developmental theories and how I am going to apply these four major theories of my teaching practically. To talk about those principles and the way to connect it to teaching, I have divided this essay into major four parts. They are an introduction, a brief explanation of four theories, the way that I am going to apply it in teaching and finally the conclusion.