2.2. Conditions for Learner Autonomy
It should be reiterated that autonomy is not an article of faith, a product ready made for use or merely a personal quality or trait. Rather, it should be clarified that autonomous learning is achieved when certain conditions obtain: cognitive and metacognitive strategies on the part of the learner, motivation, attitudes, and knowledge about language learning, i.e., a kind of metalanguage. To acknowledge, however, that learners have to follow certain paths to attain autonomy is tantamount to asserting that there has to be a teacher on whom it will be incumbent to show the way. In other words, autonomous learning is by no means "teacherless learning." As Sheerin points out, 'teachers have a crucial role
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A central research project on learning strategies is the one surveyed in O'Malley and Chamot. According to them, learning strategies are the special thoughts or behaviors that individuals use to help them comprehend, learn, or retain new information', furthermore, a definition in keeping with the one provided in Wenden: “Learning strategies are mental steps or operations that learners use to learn a new language and to regulate their efforts to do so”. Skehan indicates that to a greater or lesser degree, the strategies and learning styles that someone adopts may partly reflect personal preference rather than innate endowment. Some core strategies will be discussed below:
Cognitive Strategies. According to O'Malley and Chamot, cognitive strategies operate directly on incoming information, manipulating it in ways that enhance learning. Learners may use any or all of the following cognitive strategies:
• repetition, when imitating others' speech;
• resourcing, i.e., having recourse to dictionaries and other materials;
• translation, that is, using their mother tongue as a basis for understanding and/or producing the target language;
• note-taking;
• deduction, i.e., conscious application of L2 rules;
• contextualisation, when embedding a word or phrase in a meaningful
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Planning, however, may also go on while a task is being performed. This is called planning-in-action. Here, learners may change their objectives and reconsider the ways in which they will go about achieving them. At the monitoring stage, language learners act as participant observers or overseers of their language learning, asking themselves, "How am I doing? Am I having difficulties with this task?", and so on. Finally, when learners evaluate, they do so in terms of the outcome of their attempt to use a certain strategy. According to Wenden, evaluating involves three steps: 1) learners examine the outcome of their attempts to learn; 2) they access the criteria they will use to judge it; and 3) they apply
The other two that REF details are elaborative rehearsal and mnemonic devices. I use elaborative rehearsal all the time. To me, elaborative rehearsal is how I learn. For me learning something is building on what you already know and incorporating the new data or information into what is comfortable and known. I have never had much use for mnemonic devices.
M3 Task: Explain how an awareness of learning styles can aid your development In this task I will be explaining how an awareness of learning styles can aid your development in being an effective learner. There are different types of learning styles that different people have and I’ll be explaining how these aid the learner to progress. For example there are 3 main learning styles these are Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic.
The Fur Trading Era Have you ever trapped an animal. Well the trappers had to do this every day for a living. The life of a trapper was very harsh and lonely. Some trappers got married mostly to Indians. Here is a look at what their life was.
Times are changing, but “teachers, crucially, are not self-sacrificing martyrs” (Jaffe). Even with extensive training, a teacher cannot and
The population of ELLs is rapidly expanding across the United States; it is projected that one in every four students in the U.S. will speak English as a second language by 2025 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). For at least 30 years, ELLs’ achievement in science, language, and literacy has lagged behind that of native English speakers. They are also less likely to pursue advanced degrees in science. (Shaw, 2014, p. 622) According to the U.S. Department of Education (2010), when looking specifically at Latino English language learners, it is found that they are less likely to complete high school and attend college compared to their White non-Latino peers.
It can be defined as the systematic process by which the worth of teaching and learning is judged (Bastable 2014). There are two main evaluation models when evaluating Karl’s learning; they are the formative and the summative. The formative evaluation is integral to the education process itself, this on-going evaluation helps the nurse prevent any problems which may occur during the teaching. To evaluate the teaching it is important to know what Karl has learned, ask questions to discover if the information provided has been effective. The summative evaluation is to determine the effects of the teaching efforts.
Not only children learn from teachers, teachers also need to learn from children. A successful teacher is willing to learn. Teachers know that they are encouraged to learn for lifetime and not just for a short time as teacher is a life-long learner. Teacher not only gives knowledge to children and also gains knowledge when they
School boards and teachers have a responsibility for protecting the minds of
Effective classroom teachers must observe the fundamental
Nonetheless, students should identify which few methods enhance their memory and understanding best when learning, as different students have different learning needs. Likewise, students, who are usually required to recall learning materials, are recommended to view future new materials with strong enthusiasm and determination (Shuilleabhain, 2014), as it is an approach to motivate students. However, students should take care not to practice learning techniques they are not familiar with, especially when nearing the exams; as students who, Lan (cited in Bednall and Kehoe, 2011, pp. 205-226) believes, “engage in unfamiliar strategies may induce a high working memory load, thereby diminishing the effectiveness of their study efforts.” Also, both teachers and parents alike should take the practical and relevant steps in ensuring that their students/children are well schooled in the manner of implementing effective learning techniques in their academic life.
Different kinds of mindset, specifically a positive or negative mindset, exist. One’s thinking affects his/her whole performance. The purpose of this study is to point out some of the causes and effects of a mindset when it comes to studying. It depends on how the student thinks or what kind of mindset he/she has. Anyhow, the most effective way to utilize the abilities of a person
It provides the most effective learning condition which is the gap between what the learners can and cannot do without help in the ZPD. When planning the scaffold, a teacher should consider the designed-in scaffold, where the teacher has to plan before a teacher and the interactional contingent which is the situation in the classroom context. The teacher can provide the scaffold to learners during listening and speaking class to help the learners to decode and meaning build the sound they heard. A teacher who is not able to provide suitable scaffolding in the classroom is not able to motivate the learners to learn because the lesson may be either too simple or too difficult for the learners to learn. In conclusion, a “good” language teacher should be able to plan, select and sequence the activities to provide the suitable challenge and scaffold for learners to learn
I believe that a teacher’s role is to prepare an environment where children can fully realize their potential
Teachers should be in charge of education. The things which a person sees and touches are precise replica of the endless standard which has brought them into
A teacher could bring positive or negative energy to the students that someday will bring him to become a teacher to follow or to avoid by the students. The teachers also play an important role in