Learning Motivation
Extensive research in language learning motivation has been conducted over the past three decades. Most early researches were conducted under Gardner’s (1985) model of foreign language acquisition and two types of language learning motivation he proposed – integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. According to Gardner (1985), a learner with integrative motivation desires to interact with speakers of the target language and to be one part of the target community, whereas a learner with instrumental motivation is usually motivated by external benefits the target language may bring, such as being qualified for higher education or gaining enhanced career opportunities.
Gardner's model has been challenged by later
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In many countries, English is a compulsory subject in primary and secondary school, and people try very hard to do well in English since being proficient in English is an important criterion for higher education admission and employment.
This is particularly true in Hong Kong, a postcolonial city of Britain. English is one of the official languages in Hong Kong and it holds a high prestige in the local society. Studies show that Hong Kong students strive for good English grade and many of them are more instrumentally motivated (e.g. Cheng, 1998; Lai, 1999; Wong, 2013). Lai (1999) identifies a strong career-related motivation of learners in Hong Kong. Wong (2013), on the other hand, finds public exam is the main motivator for students. Kirkpatrick (2010) agrees with Wong’s statement and further points out that the language policy of local tertiary institute – six out of eight government-funded tertiary institutes adapt only English as the media of instruction – adds enormous stress on secondary school students. Cheng‘s (1998) study, however, shows students also learn English for entertainment-related
The Cultural Proficiency Continuum provides a context, or frame of reference, which can describe organizations and individuals. Use the continuum to study singular events in the classroom or organization and to examine specific policies or behaviors. Use the range of points as starting places and benchmarks by which to assess progress and direction. Movement along the continuum will not be a fluid progression towards cultural proficiency, but it may create discussions that challenge accepted policies and practices.
Years after this mentality is taught, it will stick with the students and improve their outlook on the world. In Mrs. Hamma’s class, teaching basic English to immigrants will help improve their speaking abilities as well as improve their social standing. Joseph Fong, a Chinese immigrant taking the course, presented to the class his reason for taking the class. He says “I taking the course in Basic English to speak good and improve my position better in this country” (Mohr 197). At this moment in time, clearly, he is not proficient in speaking English.
Currently, English is the most widely used language in the world. Many high school students think that they don’t necessarily need
In the writing, Jake Jamieson introduced and explained an argument about English using for immigrants. In first paragraph, the author introduced that the melting pot system is not working truly. Many people think the U.S. is famous for melting pot because of many immigrants. These people view the melting pot as a pot which contains many melted cultures and living styles inside. But he argues that these people lose their culture by adapting to new culture and only thing left is discrimination.
Second Language Learning’s Motivation and World Englishes in James L. Brook’s Spanglish Released in 2004, Spanglish stole audience’ hearts for its heartwarming story about two distinct cultures: American and Spanish. It tells a story about a Hispanic woman named Flor who became a housekeeper in an American family. At first, Flor decided not to meddle with the Claskys by not learning or speaking English and worked using body language or known as compensatory strategies . However, after several events happened she finally decided to learn English in order to protect her daughter from being Westernized by Deborah, the wife of the family. Regarding to motivation theory in second language acquisition, Spanglish movie is interesting to be analyzed.
If English is a language that is easy and practical to learn, learners may at least be driven extrinsically motivated if not intrinsically motivated. However, the environment of learning the language itself is not very conducive, such as less support from family members, irrelevant judgments by peers and less supportive society, especially in rural area. The fact that Malaysian learners and education system focuses on number of As in the examination result slip, and believing in As as assurance of getting good job and promising salary proved the reality that the Malaysian learners are dependent to be extrinsically motivated, in ESL learning
Language is a verbal tool that humans use to communicate and obtain knowledge. It is a combination of oral language, which can be understood as verbal communication and literacy, which is reading and writing. The development of language starts when a baby is born so that the affectation of language in early years is significantly essential. This process not only helps children in grasping and communicating but also lays a starting point for their growth in future. There are two constituents that play an important role on language development are nature and nurture.
Class: Pre-Kindergarten (4-Year Old Classroom) Unit: Language Development (Alphabet Word and Picture Match) Teacher: Ms. Zarie Baker Objectives: 1. Students will follow simple multistep directions with visual cues if needed. LDC-1
L. (1972b). Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reinforcement, and inequity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22(1), 113-120. DORNYEI, Z. (1996a). Moving language learning motivation to a larger platform for theory and practice.
Language development is a critical part of a child’s overall development. Language encourages and supports a child’s ability to communicate. Through language, a child is able to understand and define his or her’s feelings and emotions. It also introduces the steps to thinking critically as well as problem-solving, building and maintaining relationships. Learning a language from a social perspective is important because it gives the child the opportunity to interact with others and the environment.
The questionable and ambiguous nature surrounding the notion that children play an active role in acquiring language has been debated by many theorists of different perspectives. These three perspectives include the learning view, the nativist view and the interactionist view. In this essay I will discuss each perspective with reference to psychological theories and research that relates to each view. The learning perspective of language acquisition suggests that children acquire language through imitation and reinforcement (Skinner, 1957). The ideology behind this view claims that children develop language by repeating utterances that have been praised by their parent, therefore gaining a larger vocabulary and understanding of phrases over
TITLE: Each student should learn foreign language. GENERAL PURPOSE: To persuade SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To persuade people that each of student should learn foreign language MAIN IDEA: - learning foreign language enhance communication skills. - learning foreign language enhance job and career opportunities.
Clara is a student in the class I help. She is an English Language Learner (ELL) student. When interacting with Clara I was able to realize that she is a very bright student, she is very motivated and has a goal in mind. One afternoon during homework help she opened up to me and talked about her family; she told me that they where from Guatemala. Her mom had her when she was very young and that because having a child is too much work the mom had to stop going to school.
Moreover, in language learning classes, many researches have been done in the matter of how to increase the motivation of students and encourage them to acquire a new language.
Research Questions From the literature review, it was established that there were several factors affecting language learning and acquisition. More specifically, it was revealed that factors such as exposure at an early age, motivation, attitudes, incentives and educational system can influence language acquisition. However, most of the research were conducted in the west and were focused on students as subjects to the study and foreigners working in the country where they need to learn the language to lengthen their range of employment opportunity.