Lexical Cohesion In English

In the early 17th, a number of crucially important works (e.g. Lenz, 1971; Murdoch, 1978) were published regarding the most common and technical term cohesion. The most widely acknowledged study conducted in this realm was that of Halliday and Hasan (1976) in that the devices available in English for linking sentences to each other were classified into five categories, namely, reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Cohesion as a vitally important mean is considered as a semantic concept which essentially refers to relations of meanings which exist within the text and also defines it as a text. Cohesion helps enormously to create text by providing texture. For Halliday and Hasan (1976), the determining factor whether

This is due to the fact that in translating a text misunderstanding may occur. In order to prevent such misunderstanding, cohesive ties must be used optimally. Paying attention to cohesive ties in translation, makes the target text more comprehensible. The process of translation necessitates a complex text and discourse processing. The process of interpretation performed by the translator on the source text (SL) might lead to a target language (TL) text which is more redundant than the SL text. This redundancy can be expressed by a rise in the level of cohesive explicitness in the TL text. This argument is expressed by Blum-Kulka (1986) as "the exploitation hypothesis", which postulates an observed cohesive explicitness from SL to TL texts regardless of the increase traceable to differences between the two linguistic and textual systems involved. It follows that explicitation is viewed here as inherent in the process of

Research Objectives
In order to broaden the field of cohesion and coherence in Persian texts, the present study seeks to explore the use and different types of cohesive devices in the English and Persian translation of "The Old Man and the Sea". In fact, the purpose of the current study is multifold: first of all, it aims at finding out the frequency of each type of cohesive devices found in the English novel and its Persian translation. Second, it attempted to reveal if there are some discrepancies between the English novel "The Old Man and the Sea" and its Persian translation regarding frequency and types of cohesive devices.
1.4. Research Questions and Hypotheses
To this end, the study takes the following as the research questions:
1). What are the dominant types of cohesive devices used in both the English novel "The Old Man and the Sea" and its Persian translation?
2). Is there any significant difference between the frequency of grammatical cohesive devices used in the "The Old Man and The Sea" and its Persian translation?
3). Is there any significant difference between the frequency of lexical cohesive devices in the novel "The Old Man and the Sea" and its Persian