CHAPTER 3
UPDATED BACKGROUND THEORY
3.1 Relevant Literature Search For GP2
3.1.1 What is 3D printing
3D printing is defined as “The action or process of making a physical object from a three-dimensional digital model, typically by laying down many thin layers of a material in succession . ” 3D printing can refer to a number of different processes that use different technologies such as stereo-lithography or metal sintering or melting.
3.1.2 How it works
Since 3D printing works by adding layers on top of another, CAD (Computer Aided Design) files must be broken into layers and these layers must be translated into motion commands that are sent to the 3D printer. 3D printing can be done using many different materials such as PLA (Polylactic
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One of the limitations of 3D printing is that there is no single method that can be used for all materials and all technologies. For example some 3D printers process materials like nylon, plastic, ceramic and metals in the form of powder using a heat source, like a laser, to melt or fuse the powder particles together into the required shape and form. Other printers have technologies that process polymer resin materials and again utilize a laser to solidify the resin in ultra thin layers that form the required 3D object.
3.1.3 Extrusion/ Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)/ Freeform Fabrication (FFF)
Fused deposition modeling is the most widely used 3D printing process. It utilizes the extrusion of thermoplastic material. This process works by melting a thermoplastic filament that is then deposited, using a heated extruder/nozzle, one layer at a time, onto a build platform. The material is deposited according to the 3D data supplied to the printer via software. Each layer hardens as it is deposited and bonds to the previous layer.
Usually this type of printing requires support structures for any models with overhanging geometries. water-soluble material can be used for this purpose , which allows support structures to be washed away once the print job is complete. Breakaway support materials are also used; they can be removed by manually snapping them off the printed
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• Supports required on some materials / geometries.
• Support design / integration / removal is difficult.
• Weak Z-axis.
• Slow on large / dense parts
• Weak layer-to-layer adhesion
3.1.4 Stepper motors
3.1.4.1 What is a stepper motor:
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device, which converts electrical pulses into mechanical movements. The shaft of a stepper motor rotates in step increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation. The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the number of input pulses applied.
3.1.4.2 Advantages:
• Rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
• Motor has full torque at standstill
• Precise positioning and repeatability of movement (accuracy of 3 – 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to the next)
• Excellent response to starting/stopping/reversing
• Reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor (dependant on life of bearing instead of
Before the mid-1400s the literacy rates in Europe were not good. Books were hard to get a hold of because they were hand-printed by monks which were hard work and took a long time. Not only that but books were also written in Latin instead of the vernacular and the only people who could read Latin were those who were well-educated and heads of churches. The invention of the printing press greatly altered the lives of Europeans through increasing literacy rates which then influenced philosophy and knowledge, inspiring the reformation of the Catholic Church, and triggering the scientific revolution.
Rotating objects Rotating an object allows you to move an object around in a fixed position of the screen in short it allows me to move the object without altering the position the object sits in on the world. 1.4. Transformations – move Transformations can be accessed by right clicking the object that is selected. The transformation move allows you to move an object around freely from the currently viewed aspect.
One key invention from the 1400-1600 period that helped European merchants establish the basis of today 's global economy would be the printing press. As to why the printing press was so key, here are a few reasons, it grossly increased the percentage of literate people, due to the fact that it lowered the costs of books and made them more generally accessible to the public. The printing press also transformed learning, had a drastic effect on education, and was able to spread political and religious
Contents TASK 1 1 1.1)TYPICAL AXIS CONVENTION 1 1.2) operations of types of drives and axis control system. 4 1.3) SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM. 8 1.4] WORK HOLDING DEVICE FOR LATHE 8 TASK 2. 12 2.1) Assess the suitability of machine tools for the production of following components 12 2.2) SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS TO PRODUCE THE GIVEN COMPONENT 13 2.3) MACHINING AND FORMING PROCESS 13 TASK 3
The speed of DC motor can be controlled by the variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current. Small DC motors are used in toys, tools, and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, in drives for steel rolling mills, elevator
608 F. 3D 614 (9th Cir. No. 08-55662, files 6/18/10, withdrawn and amended, 11/30/10) in a 42 U.S.C section 1983 action based on defendants-officer 's use of a taser on plaintiff at a traffic stop, denial of summary judgment based on qualified immunity is affirmed where, viewing the circumstances in the light most favorable to plaintiff, defendant 's use of the taser was unconstitutionally excessive force and a violation of plaintiff 's clearly established rights. Police must have reasonable grounds to use a taser. Officer Brian McPherson used excessive force when on July 24, 2005, he deployed his X26 taser in dart mode to apprehend Carl Bryan for a seatbelt infraction, where Bryan was obviously and noticeably unarmed (he was wearing
Manufacturing – within a business the manufacturing department works alongside several other departments such as marketing and purchasing to make sure that they manufacture products efficiently. Manufacturing is generally a long process as detailed designs of products have to be assembled before construction can begin. Manufacturing varies can depend on the organisation type large companies are likely to manufacture products themselves, and they tend to do this on a large scale in order to be able to buy resources in bulk in order to save a substantial amount of money. Small businesses tend to design their own products but may not have the ability to manufacture; therefore they usually hire other companies to manufacture for them - this can be quite costly, so they commonly perform manufacturing on a large scale
The PolyMet construction will not only build energy but it will process a damaging environment. More animals will become endangered and threatened. The land of many lakes and rivers will eventually be polluted to the point of poison. Also the acid and waste will cause human health issues like cancer. The discussion on having the Polymet may have a positive factor to the environment, but I strongly believe that it will have a negative outcome.
Major League baseball teams and some college leagues use wood bats. College level teams use wood bats when their league is only for wood bats. For example, the Lakeshore Chinooks are in a wood bat league. Some other countries that baseball is popular in are Cuba and Taiwan. Every wood bat is different.
Rubes machine was something that could incorporate the six simple machines lever, wedge, Pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, and screw. These all ended up in one way or another using Newton's three laws of motion. All having to do with an object will remain in motion until a force acts on it. An object will accelerate in the
Chapter 4 Elasticity What is elasticity? Elasticity means the ability of an object to resume its normal shape after being stretched, or the ability of something to change and adapt. Some examples of elasticity is a bungie cord and rubber bands. Then there things that can be the opposite of elastic; which is called inelastic.
The Industrial Revolution has changed America in many ways, some good and some bad. The most important changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution were the invention of machines to do the work of hand tools, the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscle of human beings and animals, and the adoption of the factory system. In my opinion the Industrial Revolution has done more good for America than it has done harm. In the beginning of the Industrial Revolution there weren’t many laws that governed the industries.
Moving and handling has a various number of aids that can be used for each client depending on their needs, these are; o Stand aids – these are used for simple transfers for example chair to toilet manoeuvres for clients who can weight bare. o Hoists – these are used for clients who are unable to weight bare. o Banana boards – these are used for transfers such as bed to
BMW The 7-Series Project (A) AGENDA 1) Abstract/Executive Summary 2) Problem Statement 3) Case Analysis 4) Alternative Solutions 5) Recommendations 6) Limitations 7) Appendix Abstract/Executive Summary • To explore the BMW decision about how to manufacture the Prototype vehicles. • Previously, BMW prototypes were handcrafted at the company by skilled artists. • There is a proposal to change the process and make prototypes inorder to better understand the issues that may arise during final production phase.
Coordinate with customer relationship management to identify customer articulated needs 2. Select materials and suppliers in conjunction with procurement 3. Develop production technology in manufacturing flow to manufacture and integrate in to the best supply chain flow for the product/market combination G. Manufacturing Flow Management The manufacturing process produces and supplies products to the distribution channels based on past forecasts. The production process has to be flexible to respond to market changes and Mass Customization must absorb.