Lipid Oxidation
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are well known for its protective effect on human health. However, they contain multiple double bonds which are susceptible to lipid oxidation. These have been long recognized and it is the major challenge in oil industry. Lipid oxidation is the main factor of food deterioration. It not only affects fatty acid composition and the nutritional quality of the food, it also causes undesirable changes in colour, aroma and produce toxic compounds (Wasowicz, 2004). The toxic compounds produce from lipid oxidation, especially lipid-derived aldehydes are very stable. It can diffuse from their site of generation and bring damage at remote locations. Depends on the concentration of the lipid oxidation products, it cause effects …show more content…
Lipid oxidation is accelerated by prooxidant such as ultra-violet light, high temperature, photosensitizing agents and metal ions (Carocho and Ferreira, 2013). It can happen via three different mechanisms, producing different oxidation products. The three mechanisms are free radical mechanism (autoxidation), photoxidation, and lipoxygenase activity. Among the three mechanisms, autoxidation is the key mechanism that contributes to food deterioration. Autoxidation able occur at low activation energy (4 to 14 kcal•mol-1), moreover, the reaction rate cannot be diminished by storing at the oil at low temperature (Shahidi and Wanasundara, …show more content…
Lipoxygenase enzymes are activated when tissue is disrupted or injured. The reaction of lipoxygenase activity is similar to auto-oxidation, except that it is selective to the type of substrate. For an example, the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid is the substrate for the most studies lipoxygenase, LOX-1. The iron in LOX will must be oxidized by hydroperoxide for the oxidation to proceed. The oxidized LOX abstracts a hydrogen atom from the polyunsaturated fatty caids. As a result, radical is formed and the LOX is reduced to Fe2+ (Makekian et al., 2000)
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1100 Words | 5 PagesWe also tested to see if Peroxidase was able to recover its catalytic ability after being exposed to sub optimal temperatures. After being brought to optimal temperatures the solutions were still able to react,
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979 Words | 4 PagesIn this lab, the oxidation of a secondary alcohol was performed and analyzed. An environmentally friendly reagent, sodium hypochlorite, was used to oxidize the alcohol, and an IR spectrum was obtained in order to identify the starting compound and final product. The starting compound could have been one of four alcohols, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, 3-heptanol, or 2-heptanol. Since these were the only four initial compounds, the ketone obtained at the end of the experiment could only be one of four products, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 3-heptanone, or 2-heptanone. In order to retrieve one of these ketones, first 1.75g of unknown D was obtained.
Peroxidase Chemical Reaction Lab
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High Fuctose Corn Syrup Research Paper
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Fruit Fly Lab Report
1180 Words | 5 PagesIntroduction: The objective of this lab was to study the trait of aldehyde oxidase (AO) in fruit flies. Aldehyde oxidase is responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of many aldehydes. The aldox gene controls the amount of AO activity in Drosophila melanogaster. In the first part of the lab, an enzyme spot test will be performed on two different vials of Drosophila to exhibit the AO activity of both vial 1A and 1B. A positive test for AO test will present a blue color, while a negative test will present no reaction.
Love Canal Research Paper
1502 Words | 7 PagesHUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS Many toxic chemicals were found at Love Canal although some are considered more dangerous than others. Some only caused minor health effects such as benzoic acid causing skin irritation. While some were more serious, causing spontaneous abortions and liver dysfunctions such as dioxin.11 Other chemicals included are benzaldehyde which is a skin irritant and benzene which is also a skin irritant with chronic effects like leukemia and anemia.11 A chart is shown below of compounds found at Love Canal and the acute and chronic effects.
Isolating Trimyristin To Yield Myristic Acid
598 Words | 3 PagesThe third reaction, enzymatic hydrolysis, can be used in neutral environments. It is a non-caustic manner of hydrolyzing, making it ideal for a neutral environment like the human body. With this reaction, lipases hydrolyze triglycerols to free fatty acids, allowing them to move more freely in aqueous environments. The reaction rate of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis can be enhanced by the inclusion of other substrates such as crown ethers2. Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids and are hydrolyzed by
Oxidative Simulation Research Paper
1057 Words | 5 PagesOxidative Phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which mitochondria use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to create ATP. If cells become oxygen deficient, the condition known as hypoxia (no oxygen) occurs. This condition can be due to abnormally acidic blood or a lack of critical enzymes necessary for releasing oxygen from red blood cells, so when this oxidative cycle is oxygen deficient, it can’t produce the quantity nor quality of ATP necessary for normal cellular functioning. “Oxygen is alkaline forming in the blood, while carbon dioxide which is produced as a by-product of the oxidation process is acid forming.
Turnip Peroxidase Lab Report
2136 Words | 9 PagesEnzymes are a form of protein that lowers activation energy and speeds up reactions as a catalyst. They are made by the stringing together of an abundant amount of amino acids and folded into a specific shape for chemical reactions. Turnip Peroxidase is the enzyme used in this lab and is derived from the vegetable. Enzymes are not used up or permanently altered by their environment Peroxidases are found in a range of organisms and function to break down alcohol (H2O2) and creates byproducts of oxygen and water. In this experiment, the reducing agent guaiacol is added with the substrate, hydrogen peroxide, to create water and oxygen.
The Pros And Cons Of Trans-Fats
1496 Words | 6 Pages“Definition of a trans fatty acid: (noun) an unsaturated fatty acid of a type occurring in margarines and manufactured cooking oils as a result of the hydrogenation process, having a trans arrangement of the carbon atoms adjacent to its double bonds. Consumption of such acids is thought to increase the chance of health risks.” Although certain fats are considered be part of people’s health, there are certain types of fats that should be closely assessed and ignored out of our diets. One of which has drawn an array of controversial issues is trans-fats. Trans-fats can be mostly found in many food sources such as vegetable oil, crackers, cookies and margarine.
H2o2 Reaction Lab Report
1563 Words | 7 Pages2.9. Estimation of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 10 213 The concentration of H2O2 was determined by the method of Okuda et al (38). Fresh leaf 214 sample (0.5 g) was grounded in ice-cold 200 mM HClO4 and was then centrifuged at 215 1200 g for 10 min followed by neutralization of HClO4 of the supernatant with 4M KOH. 216 The insoluble KClO4 was eliminated by further centrifugation at 500g for 3 min.
Hypoxic Injury Research Paper
453 Words | 2 PagesMany different circumstances can cause cell injury such as being exposed to injurious stimuli, not getting the correct amount of nutrients, or being affected by an unknown outsider. There are three common forms of cell injury that occur; hypoxic injury, free radicals and reactive oxygen species injury, and chemical injury. Cells must maintain homeostasis in order to function as they are supposed to. It is important that we understand these various forms in order to understand why disease is caused. Hypoxic Injury Hypoxia is the state in which there is an insufficient amount of oxygen getting to the tissues which is the most common cause of injury to the cell.
Orange Juice Preservation
1075 Words | 5 PagesThe reduction observed in the vitamin C content of samples with storage might be due to the degradation ability of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid in orange juice when exposed to heat, light or oxygen. However, the vitamin C contents of the samples were within the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C in juices (40 mg/100 g). This finding is in conformity with the report of Shahnawaz et al. (2013) on the use of sodium benzoate as chemical preservative to improve the shelf life of orange juice.
Effect Of Enzyme Concentration On Enzyme Reaction
1046 Words | 5 PagesThey can only quicken reactions that will eventually occur, but this enables the cell to have a productive metabolism, routing chemicals through metabolic pathways. Enzymes are very specific for the reactions they catalyze; they make sure the chemical processes go in the cell at any given time. Peroxidase was the enzyme being testing in this experiment. A peroxidase is an enzyme that acts as catalysts, which occurs in biological systems. Peroxidase is found in plants, which they play a role in helping to minimize damage caused by stress factors or insect pests.
Beta Carotene
1603 Words | 7 PagesIt also increases lymphocyte production and T- and Bcell activity (Fuller et al., 1992; Grob et al., 1996; Maxwell et al., 1995; Noonan et al., 1996). By modulating immune defense, beta-carotene might have an impact on carcinogenesis. In addition, beta-carotene may modulate skin carcinogenesis by a reduction of lipid peroxidation in human skin, either as a free radical scavenger or as specific lipoxygenase inhibitor. The substrates of lipoxygenasesare linoleic acid and arachidonic acid; the reaction produces leukotrienes, lipoxins, and physiologically active oxygenated fatty acids.
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