Organic Pesticides Lab Report

In 10 g dried sediment sample added 7 ml 0.2 M NH4Cl solution. A mixture of 100 ml hexane: acetone (1:1) was used as a solvent to extract pesticides with overnight shaking for 12 h on reciprocal or wrist action shaker at 180 rpm. The extract was carefully decanted through activated florisil column (2-3 cm), giving twice wash with25 ml hexane: acetone (1:1) to the sediments. The elute was then washed with 200 ml water and then again aqueous layer was extracted with 50 ml hexane. Finally the hexane layer was washed with 100 ml water and then evaporated to dryness with a vacuum rotary evaporator.

In the round-bottom flask (100 mL), we placed p-aminobenzoic acid (1.2 g) and ethanol (12 mL). We swirled the mixture until the solid dissolved completely. We used Pasteur pipet to add concentrated sulfuric acid (1.0 mL) to the flask. We added boiling stone and assembled the reflux. Then, we did reflux for 75 minutes.

3- Add 0.05 moles of concentrated sulphuric acid to round bottom flask very slowly and carefully then put a magnetic stirrer . 4- Set up reflux system using a clean and dry condenser .

Yellow FeCl3 5% solution is added to the nanoparticle solution with 5% ratio of FeCl3 solution: nanoparticle solution (3 drops: 1 ml). The mixture is then stirred slowly for 30 minutes. The colored nanoparticles solution is then observed with the light microscope (Advanced, Indonesia) using OPTILAB application. Total essential oil

Apparatus- Chromatography column: C18 (10 microns particle size), with Guard column Flow rate: 1.2ml/min Pressure: 30-40kgf Wavelength: 326nm Mobile phase: methanol : water (95:5 v/v) Internal standard: retinyl acetate Injection volume: 20µl Procedure for Retinol extraction from serum samples- 1) 100 µl of serum sample and 100 µl of Retinyl acetate were added into 12 X 100mm glass test tubes. Vortex-mixed for 30 seconds. Then, kept them at 4 C for 5 mins. 2) 1mL of hexane was added and vortex-mixed intermittently for 60 sec.

Then, the test media is then incubated at 37 ° C, for 18-24 hours. Rinsing reusable instruments The samples were rinsed with 40 ml of pyrogen-free water using a glass beaker that is free from pyrogens. Endotoxin testing using STV

al. (1998) [103] preferred DIDA over wildly known amine extractant TOA, due to its possibility of using as extractant without adding a modifier. The parameters of solvent extraction such as aqueous phase acidity, type of diluents, molybdenum concentration, and DIDA concentration were investigated to obtain the suitable condition for effective extraction of molybdenum. The extraction mechanism was an anion-exchange reaction, which formed a polymeric complex, expressed as (R2NH)n MomOp(HSO4)y, where the values of n, m, p and y are depend on the polymerization degrees of molybdenum and amine in organic and aqueous phase. The polymeric complex changes according to the concentration of DIDA and metal, aqueous acidity, diluents, time, and type of extraction process.

The stationary phase in HPLC normally will be the silica gel. The silica gel will help to separate the components in the liquid sample as its particle size, surface properties and pore structure will lead to good separation results of solvent by minimize the length of diffusion path. The silica gel is also inert to most solvent so it can separate various type of chemical compound with high reproducibility. During the separation, the component in sample will interact with the adsorbent material within the pores of the stationary phase. This will cause the different flow rates for the different components and leading to the separation of the components as they released from the column.

Make five different solutions, distilling the water each time, of new yellow dye solution and place each of the solutions in a blank cuvette to find the max absorbency of each the solutions. Next during week two the absorbency had to be found from the food that was brought in. Using a blank cuvette place the commercial liquid and calculate the concentration and absorbency and which dyes would be in this liquid. Results: Maximum wavelength of Red Dye #3 Solution Absorbance Wavelength Max Concentration Solution 1 0.489 A.U. 526 nm 9.1 x 10-6 mol/L Solution 2 0.188 A.U. 525 nm 1.8 x 10-6 mol/L Solution 3 0.705 A.U. 525 nm 1.5 x 10-5mol/L Solution 4 0.682 A.U. 525 nm 1.2 x 10-5 mol/L Solution 5 0.527 A.U. 525 nm 1.2 x 10-5 mol/L Maximum wavelength of Yellow Dye

 Dissolve the salt in 60 ml of tap water. Add 30 ml 6 M Hcl and stir the mixture with a glass rod.  Add 12 g solid Nacl to the solution and stir the mixture for about 2 minutes.  Support a 250 ml separatory funnel on a ring, making sure that the stopcock is closed and that a clean beaker is placed beneath the exit tube. Transfer the aqueous solution from the beaker to the separatory funnel.

One sample had 250ng of plasmid A as well but with no enzymes added. All the digestions tubes were incubated at 37℃ for 30 minutes. After incubation, 5μL of loading buffer (30% glycerol, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8, 1 mM EDTA, 0.025% bromophenol blue) was added to each sample. 50 ml of molten agarose (1% agarose boiled and cooled to 55℃ with added SYBRsafe) was poured into the casting tray for gel electrophoresis.

50 μL of these dilution solutions were separated on the TLC plate coated with SNISG. The plate was developed with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (4:1) and the movement of solvent was usually controlled at 1 cm from the upper edge. After completion, the plate was dried until no solvent smell remained. It was sprayed with an ethanol solution containing 10% sulfuric acid, and heated at an infra-red drier until obvious color came up, as shown in Fig.2 (B.ab). Simultaneously, the amount of silver nitrate in the impact of isolative effect was investigated with the sample procedure, as shown in Fig.2

Add another 25cm3 of Methanol and Ethyl acetate to the solutions. Stir gently for 20 minutes using a stirring rod this is to allow more of the active ingredients to mix with the solution. 16. Take two funnels and place one in two separate clean measuring beakers making sure the bottoms of the funnels don’t touch the bottom of the measuring beakers. Take two pieces of filter paper and press one onto each funnel.

Less than 100 years ago pesticides began to be used commercially on large agricultural fields (Lah) since there was a small percentage of crop failure due to pests. Soon their use became widespread globally and their potency increased dramatically. Similarly, in the novel The Sheep Look Up there are many environmental issues that are caused by a dystopian society; one of the issues discussed led to a variety of problems, such as low crop yields and food shortages, was the overuse of pesticides (Brunner). This issue is also applicable in the real world today where the effects have caused major damage to biodiversity (Cressey) and humankind (Rupa). Furthermore, bans and strict limitations have been placed by many countries around the world in

THE GREAT LAKES The great lakes are comprised of 5 different fresh water lakes, Superior, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Erie. The lakes are situated along the US-Canadian border, touching Ontario in Canada and Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio Pennsylvania, Indiana and New York in the United States. Roughly 34 million people in Canada and the United States live in the great lakes basin, and also 35 000 plants and animals, over 170 of those being fish, inhabit the great lakes (Zimmermann). This significantly large water body holds an estimate of 6 quadrillion gallons of water.