According to Vandergrift (1997), “reception strategies are the Cinderella of communication strategies” (p.494). Since listening falls under the category of receptive skills, the aforementioned statement implies that the listening skill along with the underlying techniques to construct meaning and achieve comprehension have been neglected. However, the position of listening in curriculum design and implementation has been widely restored. Dunkel (1986) emphasizes on the importance of incorporating listening at the very beginning of the learning process on the grounds that it contributes to the mastery of the second language. Moreover, listening seems to exert considerable influence on the development of reading and writing (Oxford, 1993). This …show more content…
Based on O’Malley, Chamot, Küpper (1989) it seems that strategies can be summarized in three terms: “self-monitoring, elaboration and inferencing” (p.418). Self-monitoring is a metacognitive strategy which includes concentrating on the task at hand, on the content and managing through its difficulties. The focus could be on particular data or more general, “selective attention” and “directed attention” (p.422) respectively. Metacognitive denotes making judgements over the process itself. Elaboration is a broader category under which other strategies, such as inferencing and deduction, are located. Based on what is heard, the listener can interrelate the new data with personal knowledge even when total comprehension is not accomplished. Nonetheless, she/he can reach conclusions and form …show more content…
Lam (2002) classifies these characteristics in three wider categories. Firstly, “time-creating devices” (p.248-249) include pause fillers such as um, urh or eh which aim to provide the speaker with more time to construct his/her speech. Secondly, “facilitation devices” (p.249), that include shorter forms stemming from ellipses (e.g. Yes, I do) or frequently used chunks (e.g. You know), help oral production. Thirdly, “compensation devices” (p.249) are utilized to paraphrase, correct and repeat an utterance but with different words so as to render it clearer than before. All the above show redundancy and an effective listener should be able to recognize it, understand that it is an inherent element of oral language that differentiates it from written
Believe it or not many people create strategies everyday. A soccer coach will devise a plan to win the game. A student will create a strategy to get all their homework done before dinner. In the Civil War, the Union and Confederacy created their military strategies based on completing their goals. The Confederacy wanted to convince France or Britain to recognize and support its government (Aboukhadijeh).
Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs were used as the writing system of the ancient Egyptians for things such as keeping written records, telling stories, writing letters, and more. According to Egyptian tradition writing was invented by the god Thoth to make the people wiser and to strengthen their memory so they called it medu netjer or ‘God’s Words’. Scientists say that there are three different types of hieroglyphics. Phonograms which are signs that represent a specific sound or sound of two or more letters.
According to Carlina Rinaldi (2006), to listen is to be open to others and to what they have to say, is to consider others as subjects that contribute to shared research that each person develops about the meaning of everyday experiences. Listening requires an in-depth understanding of events, situations, ideas, and is free of judgment and prejudices. Listening is a reciprocal process that involves the listener and the one that communicates, recognizes the right to participation of children, teachers and parents, legitimizing their theories and interpretations of the surrounding world (Lino,
Bark & Co. is a company founded by Matt Meeker, Henrik Werdelin and Carly Strife. The company owns several products – the initial and probably best known is ‘BarkBox’. Due to BarkBox’s success, the company Bark & Co. was created, which dedicates to build products that promote health and happiness of dogs everywhere (BarkShop, 2014). It was launched in December 2011 and had reached $25M in revenue by June 2013 with 100,000 subscribers (Fueled, 2013). Like illustrated in Figure 2, Bark & Co. has different businesses: ‘BarkPost’ is a dog content website that has the capability of receiving over 400,000 visitors monthly, ‘BarkCare’ is a dog health mobile application that can be reached 24 hours 7 days a week for vet consultation service (D’Onfro,
Competitive strategy is a suit of methods and action sequence deliberately planned and put into place by companies in the face of market competition. This seems to be a clear way of keeping their market shares, expanding sales and managing the product lines to deliver desired results. The corporate world often needs some sorts of solid strategies considering the trends of the market competition. Beyond the issues of quality and distribution, companies often need to plan ahead and protect their market share in the sale.
Reflection on the 5-Days Journey to Become a Better Listener Throughout the 5-days practice of active listening and basic attending skills in daily conversations, it was easiest for me to practice empathy. I found it easy to perceive the situation through others’ eyes and perspectives in order to capture the accurate meaning when I was nonjudgemental and listened attentively to others. As a result, I was able to develop empathic rapport in which I accurately sensed and understood others’ concerns as well as feelings as compared to when I conversed without empathy, allowing my presumptions to affect my interpretation of others’ meaning due to the need for others to agree with my worldview. Besides that, I was able to practice basic empathy, which is the second level of empathy where I paraphrased
Reading is a process of constructing meaning. In developing a pedagogy about teaching reading, teachers must be aware of all elements that create a good reader. Teachers can provide the best instruction by delivering a balanced approach to teaching reading. Whilst it is necessary for students to recognise explicit elements of reading such as phonics, students will achieve much more success when also viewing reading from a ‘world view’. Teachers should incorporate a combination of direct instruction and the constructivist approach when teaching reading.
The Aural-Oral Approach in English Language Teaching In English language teaching there are several approaches that can be applied in a classroom. Each one has purpose and gives concern to certain skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) development. One of these approaches is Aural-Oral Approach. The Aural-Oral Approach is based on developing two language skills: listening and after that speaking which is the earlier stage of learning a language (Geri, 1990).
Strategy also defines what kind of resources we need to achieve the goals set by the