LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Theoretical framework A historical review of man and society reveals that tax exists as a major source of revenue for government .These taxes are levied on income, accumulation of individual, corporations and on goods and services produced, exports and imports, even though, no one really likes paying taxes, yet they are inevitable for the provision of social welfare . Loosely, a tax may be defined as “a universal contrivance whereby the government imposes upon its citizens a compulsory financial levy or contribution for the benefit of society as whole (Oduntan, 2010).
According to Agbetunde (2004), Tax means the same thing to everybody in every society but seen from different angles, to government, it is a source of revenue, to a company it is a cost and to an individual it is a depletion of their income. The revenue generate from tax proceeds are used for the following:
i. Income redistribution ii. Promotion of economic growth and development iii. Protection of infant industries iv. Economic stabilization
v. Modification of investment pattern vi. Foreign exchange management
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connection to subscribers. Individuals can also access the internet through such popular online services as Prodigy and American online and through networks established by such giants as Microsoft and AT&T. (Kenneth & Jane, 2000)
There is several different types of components that enable the internet and help the web function correctly upon your computer. A few of these things are; Uploading and FTP, Web Servers, network routers, proxy servers, ISPs, Web Hosting Services, and Domains. I will be explaining all of these components in as much detail as possible. Uploading
People may not like taxes but they are used to invest in new Technology, education and public welfare of the people like Medicare, Medicaid, social security, and general protection. They can borrow money but that always affect taxpayers but the money will always be repaid to the lenders but the only way is by raising taxes (Concurrent Powers). Concurrent powers are able to enforce laws, "...law
When it comes to the research the tax has affected the country in a negative way, simply because the war was fought because of taxes that were seen as not needed as well the fact that the country fought the British to oppose taxes, and then Washington turns around and imposes a tax on the people after what they sacrificed to fight for the right to be free of taxes and to be supportive of their new government was tough because people did not have money to pay taxes at
Like systems seen before under British rule in America and event eh systems of monarchy observed in Britain and France, power was concentrated. A small portion of the government held power which dictated the lives of everyone, without the voice of everyone, hence “taxation without representation.” Locke states “they must not raise the taxes in the property of the people without the consent of the people given.” The Virginia Declaration replicates this statement “cannot be taxed or deprived of their property for public uses without their consent.” The Declaration of independence models after, making one of its complaints on the British “for imposing taxes on us without our consent.”
This “unfairness” led to the Boston Tea party which led to the Intolerable Acts and other rough legislation which ultimately led to the American Revolution. “Taxation” stands for the money that is taken from the paycheck to pay for school, roads, police
Colonies fought and won a war against Britain to declare their independence. In the eighteenth century, being an American meant having a government that changes and evolves over time. It meant having ideas that change over time for the benefit of the people. While some of their ideas were terrible, they did help shape both Americans and America to what it is today. To be an American means to have the same rights as everyone regardless of who you are, the freedom to practice whatever you want, and obligation to try to make this as great of a country it could be.
The author of this article is Robert Jensen. He is a journalist professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Jensen’s writing and teaching focus on interrogating power structures of race and gender. He also wrote and published The End of Masculinity; therefore this is a topic that he feels really strongly about. Jensen first published the article “The High Cost of Manliness” to argue for an end to the conception of manliness.
In the late 1800s, the U.S Treasury Department used sales tax and tariffs to fund its federal budget. A tax or tariffs are funds that are paid to the government that are added when something is bought that is considered valuable. Because of the Civil war, there was a financial burden on the country. In 1861, Congress reacted by implementing taxes on individuals. The first income tax started off by taxing individuals 3% making more than $800, while people who made more than that gave up a larger percentage.
Freidman believed economic freedom to be an essential need in securing political freedom. Any manipulation on a person’s economic freedom such as a tax for social security takes away from a person’s total freedom. To provide total freedom to the people coercion must not exist (Friedman, 1975). It is economic power that can balance political power. When the market is left alone under the invisible hand it balances out both what the seller and consumer desire.
The term “regressive” describes the reality of a tax taking more of a poor person’s income than that of a wealthy person. Before 1913, economists
To provide such goods as education, sanitation and parks, the government taxes their citizens to afford the public goods. Since the public goods are funded by the taxes of the citizens, then all the citizens have the right to benefit from them. In addition, the government establishes rules and regulations that benefit society in maintaining the environment safe from harm. Not many governments promote equality, but after gaining prominence in the twentieth century, promoting equality is the third major purpose of government in many different places. With the purpose of promoting equality, the government’s goal is to establish the concept of welfare state, civil rights and equality under the law.
The federal tax system is plagued with issues: It doesn 't raise sufficient revenue to back government spending, it is unpredictable, it makes results that are unreasonable, and it impedes monetary productivity. This part examines a few approaches to enhance charges, including making an esteem included duty, expanding natural taxes, improving the corporate expense, treating low-and center pay workers evenhandedly and productively, and guaranteeing suitable tax collection of high-wage family units. A good tax system raises the incomes expected to fund government spending in a way that is as basic, evenhanded, and development well growth as could reasonably be expected. The United States does not have a good tax system.
In countries such as Italy, taxpayers regularly challenge tax legislation on constitutional grounds. Taxpayers in the US continue to challenge the US progressive rate structure at trial and appeals court levels without success. In Mauritius, we do not have ample case law related to the taxpayers’ right but in case of a dispute regarding taxation, the court should be able to censure any excessively high tax burden on citizens. Some rare case exist for instance when the NRPT was introduced.
Social Problems in Societies Social problems are issues which are considered to affect majority if not all members of a society either directly or indirectly. Whenever people come to live together in a social setting, conflict arises from their differences in opinions regarding political issues, religion, ethnic issues, cultural practices and other health and hygiene issues. In such a situation, we can say a society inevitably develops social problems. The various social issues present today vary from society to society, and as such, we cannot say that all societies face similar social issues.
Increasingly, businesses, consumers, and governments realize that their lives are affected not only by what goes on in their own town, state, or country but also by what is happening around the world. Consumers can walk into their local shops today and buy goods and services from all over the world. Local businesses must compete with these foreign products. However, many of these same businesses also have new opportunities to expand their markets by selling to a multitude of consumers in other countries. The advance of telecommunications is also rapidly reducing the cost of providing services internationally, while the Internet will assuredly change the nature of many products and services as it expands markets even further.