Literature Review: Coagulation And Focculation Process
2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
Coagulation and flocculation processes are essential in a number of diverse disciplines including biochemistry, rubber manufacturing and in water and wastewater treatment (Bratby, 2006). These processes are typically used in destabilizing, agglomerating and subsequent removal of particles. Coagulation is a physico-chemical process which neutralizes the colloidal particles in water by a chemical called coagulant. The neutralization forces the colloidal particles to join together to form small aggregates called flocs which are easily filtered from the water.
The widely used coagulants in water treatment are metal salts including aluminium sulphate , aluminium chloride , polyaluminium chloride , ferric sulphate
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The recycle sludge process has advantages over the conventional process because it produces a much denser sludge due to the “seeding” effect of the precipitates in the recycled sludge (Streeter et al., 1971). Seeding is commonly used in the metallurgical fields to allow precipitation products to grow and become larger in size. The nature of the precipitate formed in the presence of the seed crystals is known to be influenced to a large extent by the seed crystal size, seed crystal amounts and agitation rate (Streeter et al., …show more content…
Solvent extraction, sometimes referred to as liquid-liquid separation, is a well-known technique for separating metals from multi element solutions. Using selective extractants, solvent extraction can be used to efficiently and effectively separate metal ions from aqueous solutions. This technique has been effectively applied to the recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous metals from both leach liquors and industrial waste solutions e.g., copper (K. Sinha et al., 2012; Staszak et al.; 2012, Devi and Mishra, 2012), zinc (Regel et al., 2001; Nathsarma and Sarma, 2003; Long et al., 2010), cadmium (Long et al., 2010), cobalt (Nathsarma and Sarma, 2003) and aluminium (Ajgaonkar and Dhadke, 1997; Tsakiridis and Agatzini-Leonardou,
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