Literature Review Crisis management Crisis management is critical and crucial function of an organization. The failure in crisis management may results in harms to the stakeholders, damage of the reputation, and loses the organization in the end (Commbs, 2007). Crisis can be defined as a threaten to the organization and it will have a negative effect or negative consequences if the organization cannot handle the crisis properly. Dilenschneider (2000) address in The Corporate Communications Bible
advances on the study related to learning motivation. They have agreed that learning motivation has positive influence on foreign language learning. However, demotivation is a new field in second/foreign language learning. In this part, a detailed literature review on this study will be presented. Firstly, it gives the definition of demotivation. Then, the relevant theoretical basis of the study will be given. Thirdly, this part offers the rich demotivation researches abroad and at home. Although motivation
for a period of time, so much attention was given to self-esteem that it seemed to be synonymous with self-concept in literature on the self (Rosenberg 1976, 1979). There is a vast research literature in which the self-concept is considered not in motivational terms but for its
The theories of Guilt and shame: a literature review As early as from the early 1940’s in the anthropological as well as in the cross-cultural literature much attention has been paid to the theories as well as the implication of emotions in different aspects of life. From many of the research findings as well as from many of the studies conducted during the past years in this topics we can understand that the cultural variation and the behaviour of individuals affect the perception emotions such
relevant organizations and society. The individual’s need for power and need for affiliation is related to an individual’s need for achievement and overall motivation Need achievement theory (Atkinson, 1974; McClelland, 1961) takes into consideration personal and situational factors predicts human behavior. This theory comprises of five components which are as follows: personality or motives, situational factors, resultant tendencies, emotional reactions, achievement-related behavior. Personality factors:
self-concept in literature on the self (Rosenberg 1976, 1979). There is a vast research literature in which the self-concept is
Table of contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Theoretical background 6 2.1 Price discrimination 6 2.2 Cognitive appraisal theory 8 2.3 Price unfairness perceptions 10 2.4 Price expectations 11 3. Conceptual framework and hypotheses 13 3.1 Cognitive stage 13 3.2 Affective stage 14 3.3 Conative stage 15 3.4 Manipulations 16 3.4.1 Relationship quality 17 3.4.2 Attribution of agency 18 4. Methodology 20 4.1 Research design 20 4.2 Measures 22 5. Data Analysis 24 5.1 Dependent variables 25 5.2 Manipulations
their exams or partying hard until they regret that work is tomorrow morning. Though different paths lead to different roads, we all have a common objective, to accomplish our goals. How will we get there?-Through motivation. In “Motivation: A Literature Review,” Emily Lai explains about the causes of being motivated and how that leads people to do things for themselves or other reasons. Lai states, “Motivation involves a constellation of beliefs, perceptions, values, interests, and actions that are
Sex and gender have been used in literature underlying different meanings. Being both complex processes to describe and distinguish, there has been some confusion in the psychological literature on the operationalization and the conceptualization of these two notions. Unger (1979) is the pioneer of the discussion about the differences between sex and gender. She argues that there are two types of people: those who consider sex as a mainly biological variable and tend to assume that psychological
In the following literature review, three major sections are presented. First, I examine the agenda setting theory. Here, I define and explain the theory. Agenda setting scholarship is also reviewed. Next, I review previous researches done in the field of agenda setting, humor, political cartoons and social semiotics. Finally, I discuss ‘humor’, and ‘Political Cartoons’ in relation to their separate and possible combined effects on agenda setting. Agenda Setting Media is not the only source of information