Review of Related Literature and Studies As the population grows, the overall consumption of energy resources increases. As a result, number of non-renewable resources decreases which lead to increase of prices and demand for fossil fuels. Bioethanol can be an alternative to fossil fuels. Local Bioethanol Fuel Blend Percentage There are 12 countries; Brazil, France, the United States, Indonesia, Philippines, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Argentina, Republic of South Africa, Kenya, Thailand and Sudan stated
Second generation bioethanol or byproduct is based on raw sample of agricultural waste materials rich in complex carbohydrates like cellulose. This becomes an interesting alternative to reduce competition in the food industry and to generate a promising value to the agroindustrial
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Bioenergy is energy that comes from biomass which includes biological material such as plants, animals, wood, waste, gas, and alcohol fuels. It is the single largest renewable energy source today, providing ten percent of world primary energy source (Morris & Chapman, 2015). It plays a crucial role in many developing countries, where it provides basic energy for cooking and space heating, but often at the price of severe health and environmental impacts. The
photosynthesis induced by visible light. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35: 15-44 Richmond A. 1986. Hndbook of Microalgal Mass Culture, CRC Press. Richmond, A.E. 1986. Microalgaculture. CRC Crticial Reviews in Biotechnol. 4: 369-438. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elsc.200800111/pdf 2.LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.Growth requirements and design parameters: In achieving economic and environmental feasible production of microalgae the most important factor is developing cost-effective, sustainable culture
Bacani, Jenny S. 4ChEB Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2. Review of Related Literature This chapter focuses on the background of the Giant Taro, and the biofuel production process. 2.1 Alocasia Macrorrhiza 2.1.1 Background Alocasia Macrorrhiza, a member of the Araceae family, is a tall herbaceous plant that exceeds up to 4.5m and has a large elongated stem. Its arrow-shaped leaves are 0.9m long and are pointing skywards (Palaiswami & Peter, 2008). According to Floridata website (n.d.)
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study and problem statement Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is the most valuable plants in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. The average life span of oil palm is 25 years. Zwart (2013) has stated that, in 2011, the total land area of oil palm in the world is 16 million hectares (Mha) while in Malaysia it comprises about 5 Mha. In oil palm plantation it produces crude palm oil (CPO), palm kernel oil (PKO) and palm kernel cake (PKC). Besides that, the 8% of