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Literature Review Of Juvenile Delinquency

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CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter reviewed the literature of the causes of juvenile delinquency in the private educational institutions of Karachi, Pakistan. The chapter also established the theoretical framework regarding juvenile delinquency in the perspective of contemporary research.
Theoretical Framework Iobidze (2009) described juvenile delinquency as a complex phenomenon because what is labeled as a delinquent behavior in one social context might be the norm in another. Lilly, Cullen & Ball (2007) defined juvenile delinquency as:
….any act or conduct of a child in a given society or culture which would have been considered as a criminal behavior if it were committed by an adult. Such offences may include stealing, possession …show more content…

That is, parents influence the choice of peers for their children, food, clothing, movies, sleeping time and the likes, thus demanding obedience of rules from them. Children on the other hand occupy a submissive, powerless social position in the family. These maltreatments compel children to put up an adoptive reaction which tends to be problem behaviors such as substance use, delinquency and the likes. In another study, Hunte, (2006) examined the differences in the adolescent’s behavior according to their connectedness with an available identity figure. The delinquents were observed to be lacking emotional and physical bonding with their father figures in their family. Conversely, the non-delinquent youths had a strong attachment to their parents or guardians. Harvey and Fine (2004) studied that the children who had latent anger and emotions inside them indulged into delinquent acts especially found among children whose parents were divorced because these children needed proper care and attention from their parents which was …show more content…

Hence, as long as young people are exposed to attitudes and behaviors that violate law, delinquency will prevail. Shaw and McKay (1969) stated that no child is a born delinquent but his or her surroundings, the peer group, improper socialization, and lack of parental care gives rise to delinquent behaviors among children. Hirschi, (1969) revealed in his study that what prevents individuals from acting upon internal motivations to commit crime is informal social control which results from the development of social bonds through the process of socialization. Sutherland (1964) theorized that those who are strongly attached with delinquents have more chances to become a delinquent and delinquency is produced when the people are brought up in a criminal environment with deviant values. Arndt & Cadoret (1962) concluded that juvenile delinquents showed more depression, cognitive distortions and problem behavior than non- delinquents and there are differences between the delinquent behaviors of male and female juveniles. Hirschi in 1969 explained the social bond theory of delinquency in the following

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