CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS
2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.3 Principle of Budgeting
Hirst (1987) explains that an effective budgetary control solves an organization’s need to devise and recall a way to confront The Literature review evolves the theoretical framework of the study; it discusses theories that are in tandem with budgetary control and financial performance, empirical studies and the sum up of the literature review.
2.1.2 Theoretical structure of the study
In reference to Rebecca Nyambura Kimani (2014), there are 3 theories that guide budgetary control of companies specifically the idea of budgeting, budgetary manage model and accounting principle in budgetary control as discussed under:
Future ability risks
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To make sure the company’s sources aren't wasted, the employer should be able to come out with a powerful budgeting gadget. That is essential as it make sure that the outputs produced and services introduced acquire the goals. In step with this concept, an excellent budgeting system ought to be able to addresses the efficiency and effectiveness of the business expenditure and the level of earnings of the organization’s (Robinson, 2009).
The company has to put right controls that make certain that the finances are well implemented, maintained and allotted. Firms that are capable of run its operations efficaciously are capable of allocate greater sales for the corporation. That is achieved through reducing or reducing charges as a way to boom the amount and nice of products and provider presented by the firm. However, if a company has lesser profits they might have to find a way to fund their envisioned budget by means of borrowing and tax restructuring (Robinson and closing, 2009). That is why the price range is basically seemed because the control of expenditure. As the total amount of the annual expenditure; the corporation ought to not exceed the allocation of price
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Kaplan and Norton (1996), accounting idea is aimed toward provision of a coherent set of logical concepts that form the overall body of reference for the checking and development of sound accounting practices and coverage development. Processes that meet the same old ought to be employed in exercise of accounting. Horvath (2009) argues that the accounting techniques that fail to meet the same old need to be rejected. Accounting theory allows in explaining and guiding management movements in observing and finding messages or information essential to be used in finances
There was not enough information to calculate capital expenditures that associated with the implement of new
When firms have such power, they charge prices higher than they can
P., Tsay, B., & Olds, P. R. (2011). Fundamental managerial accounting concepts (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. WILLSON, T. (2014). Finding Budget Flexibility - or Not: The Impact of Fixed and Variable Cost.
A budget surplus occurs when tax revenue is greater than government spending. Therefore, the government can use the surplus revenue to pay off the national debt. Budget surpluses are quite rare in modern economies because of the temptation for politicians to spend more money and cut taxes.
Solution : Introduction: A budget is an estimation of particular commodity, quantity etc. It can be prepared for any number of days but generally it is prepared wither for a year or quarter... A budget may or may not become the actual outcome.
Budgeting can be defined as a solid process to decide the estimate of revenue and expenditure for the specific time period. This definition of budget serves for all, country, city, state, business or personal matter. It is observed that, each successful company never moves forwards without deploying budget process (Al-Shawabikah, 2000). So, talking about Personnel Budgeting, it is one of the crucial aspects of any business to keep labor or personnel budgeting in the mind at the start and end of the year to maintain or increase productivity and profitability of the business.
Introduction: Here in this assignment a management accounting report needs to be prepared for analyzing how management accounting can be useful in providing the managerial information for the purpose of decision making. The organization selected to make this analysis is Southwest Airline. It is a management accounting report in which starting from the background of the company, the management accounting system of the company has been analyzed and how its’ providing the information for the purpose of management decisions being evaluated. Background of the company: Southwest Airlines was shaped in 1978 with reason to serve voyaging service via air course. What's more, after consolidation southwest aircrafts persistently succeed regarding productivity, great worker and union connection and consumer loyalty.
The pricing strategy or pricing policy is one of the most important managers make for a product as it affects the profitable outcome and competitiveness that a product may make. (Toni, 2017). A business can use a variety of pricing strategies when selling a product or service. The price can be set to maximize profitability for each unit sold or from the market overall. It can also be used to defend an existing market from new entrants, to increase market share within a market or to enter a new market by dropping the price or offering more benefits with the device such as packages.
The main success factors of budgeting process in Tesco are completely based on interpreting objective with the financial measures. However, another success factor is accessibility of resources, which is based on various resources like physical assets of human resources. However, another success factor is communication along with the cooperation of organisational levels related to budgetary process that control by informing the management about the approved budget (Brooks and Mukherjee,
6.1.2 Price Price is the value or amount that customer pays to buy a product. For instance, for our Star Lab ice cream shop, we need to consider the cost of production of our ice cream, price of our main competitor and our potential customers demographics in order to succeed this competitive market. (C. Breidert, 2007, p.9) 6.1.2.1 Pricing Strategy Pricing strategy that can be used by our company such as penetration pricing, cost-plus pricing, value based pricing and more. But we think that market penetration pricing is the best pricing strategy to be used by our business.
According to Averkamp (2016), “accounting is the recording of financial transactions plus storing, sorting, retrieving, summarizing, and presenting information in various reports and analyses”. Therefore knowing how to carry out these tasks
In terms of controlling, the management of Marks and Spencer has frequent reporting of expenditures with costs to provide a form of feedback. The reactions of managers to such type of data rely on the expectations or the formal budget or planned targets. The management believes in collecting and assigning cost data that is being shifted away from control. There is a recognition related to the repetitive exercise of planning and re-planning for creating a full time job for accountants. The assessment and evaluation of cost data in the aspects of launching new product by Marks and Spencer is about gaining insights and learning ways for achieving the goals of organisation in most effective manner.
It is this that justifies accounting history as a crucially important academic discipline. “History, in itself is instinctive and indigenous to all of us” (Carnegie. et al, 2011), whether individuals know it or not, everyone’s decision making process is strongly based on past experiences, and the past is the key source resorted to whenever a decision is needed to be made. The same is applicable to accounting, the decisions made today in all practices and approaches are drawn from the historical developments in the accounting process, that have led the practice
Introduction to Budgets and Preparing the Master Budget Budgets and the Organization Many people associate the word budget primarily with limitations on spending. For example, management often gives each unit in an organization a spending budget and then expects them to slay within the limits prescribed by the budget. However, budgeting can play a much more important role than simply limiting spending. Budgeting moves planning to the forefront of the manager's mind. Well-managed organizations make budgeting an integral part of the formulation and execution of their strategy.
This is also where price mechanism takes place because any changes in demand and supply, will affect the price, and eventually balancing the demand to be equal to supply. This is the reason why consumers and producers have no control over the price, and in this situation, everyone is considered as price takers. This causes a horizontal line in the demand curve for the firm’s product(s), as can be seen in Figure 1 (b). Figure 1 There are barely any barriers to enter this market, making it easy to enter and exit according to the firm’s capabilities.