Garrett Hardin's Theory Of Collective Action
CHAPTER TWO-LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter will present, discuss and analyse some of the major discussions and competing propositions in literature on issues pertaining to the key issues which are the focus of this study. These will be drawn from various sources including peer-reviewed articles, books, journals and other publications. 2.1 What Is Collective Action? In their seminal paper, Wheatland and Chêne (2015) defines collective action as a variety of actions that are undertaken by individuals or groups or an organization that is acting on their behalf to achieve a collective purpose or shared interest of the group or individuals. As an analytical concern, Collective action is a concept that is associated with a …show more content…
This is despite not having been offered as a theory per se of collective action. Hardin’s major contribution was that his illustration helped to shape the general theoretical framework to understanding the problems that trigger collective action. Using an illustration of pasture, he observed that herdsmen sharing common pasture will be influenced by an unrestrained desire to maximize personal gain that would accrue to them and this would result in overstocking their herds and thus destroy their common resource . He concluded that common resources are depleted by rational actors maximizing their personal gains. Critics however argued that what Hardin portrays in his conclusion is what in actual sense influences collective action amongst the individuals to manage the common …show more content…
For Anti-corruption collective action, manifest functions could be for example, improving transparency in procurement of public infrastructure projects to reduce corruption. The latent functions can be strengthening collaboration between various stakeholders from different sectors. This latent function can also contribute to achieving the manifest functions. In absence of effective measurement of success, it is possible that these collective action organizations can be viewed to have failed by the public but may still succeed in achieving some of their latent functions. Agrawal and Goyal (2001) in their study of group size and collective action, suggest a more practical way of measuring the success of collective action. They state that success can be measured by developing performance indicators which can then tracked against set benchmarks. In their study, they used three variables as performance indicators which were being tracked. These were the number of meetings per year that the collective action organization had, total protection budget from contributions of the members, and per capita
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