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Crime Mapping

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Chapter Two: Literature Review
In the last chapter, I elaborated on the significance and background of crime mapping. This chapter will give a depth review of related literature which used various methods to visualize the spread of crime incidents in crime mapping. It will also evaluate and synthesize the visualization techniques used by other journals in crime mapping. The chapter also entails definitions of some concepts, as well as the important role GIS is playing in crime mapping.

2.1 Definitions
Crime Mapping
Crime mapping is the mapping of crime incidents with an aim to visualize them and analyze crime patterns. For purpose of this research, crime mapping is the mapping of geocoded crime incidents with an intention to visualize crime …show more content…

Hotspot mapping is defined by Braga (2005:317) as ‘a very popular way for police departments to prevent crime’. Emphasizing on the role of hotspots, Gahlin and Johansson(2014:06) state that ‘previous studies related to crime prediction using hotspots shows that crime mapping together with other crime reducing methods can significantly reduce crime in areas.’
Hart and Zandbergen (2014) confirm that hotspot mapping has the potential to predict spatial patterns of crime, thereby assisting police force to come up with preventative methods or precautionary measures in areas predicted. Their study further elaborates on different levels of hotspots analysis which depend on the size of the geographical area investigated. Gahlin and Johansson (2014) also highlights the impact the size of an area has on hotspot mapping.
All in all hotspot mapping helps police force to identify high-density crime areas, types of crime committed, and the best proactive way to respond. This statement tallies with Adepeju et al. (2016:2134) idea that ‘hotspots are useful in practice for proactive interventions or responses to future events’. Also, Levine (2008) concurs with this …show more content…

In the 80s crime mapping was done through pins but later GIS emerged and made crime mapping easy and fast with fewer efforts. GIS plays a crucial role in ensuring the visualization and spread of crime incidents. ‘Database management, spatial analysis and data visualization are three important roles of GIS in crime mapping’. (Daglar and Argun, 2016: 2213)

Adding to the great significance of GIS in crime mapping is Balogun et al.(2014:465) who state that ‘GIS serve as a tool for decision support system for policy makers by providing a frame work for improving quality of service delivery, and efficient policing, thus making the police react quickly and proactively’. Fitterer et al. (2014:121) also put an emphasis that GIS is ‘a key tool in intelligence-led policing and spatial predictions of crime are being used by many police services to reduce crime’.

Crime incidents are converted from table format (police database) to points by the GIS process called geoprocessing. Therefore, GIS is the main required tool that is mandatory from the onset of crime mapping. GIS firstly converts attribute data to points and has various techniques to be utilized for viewing the spread of crime incidents and their

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