In order to discuss and understand the results presented from the research conducted we must first understand the literature on motivation in the workplace available. Therefore, this literature review will provide information from previous researchers about the topic.
According to the MARS model, motivation is a major factor in determining individual behaviour and results. What is motivation? Motivation can be described as internal forces that impact the direction, intensity, and endurance of a person’s voluntary choice of behaviour. It consists of direction, intensity and persistence. There are two types of theories that seek to explain motivation, these are content theories and process theories. Content theories also known as need theories
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He was largely influenced by Maslow’s work and attempted to turn his five categories of needs into three. Interestingly, the name of the theory (ERG) abbreviates the needs categories which are: existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs. Alderfer did agree with Maslow that once the lower level needs are satisfied the desire to have higher level needs will increase (Johns & Saks, 2001).
Like Aldefer and Maslow, David Mc Clelland also focused on how satisfying needs result in specific behaviors. He focused on the needs for achievement, affiliation and power (Johns & Saks, 2001). Similar to relatedness needs, the need for affiliation will influence workers to begin and maintain strong relationships with their coworkers. The need for achievement will push them to work harder and perform the tasks given to them to the best of their abilities. The need for power will make workers have a strong desire to have influence over others (Johns & Saks,
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Instrumentality is the belief that the level of performance of an individual will result in good or bad outcomes. Therefore, it’s the hope that a workers first level outcome will lead to a specific second-level outcome. Lastly, valence is the belief that the outcome would be of personal value to the individual. Additionally, expectancy theory states that a person’s motivation can be measured by assigning weights to each of these beliefs and then multiplying them. Thus, if a workers belief is low then their level of motivation is low and vice versa (André,
In his book, Drive, Daniel H. Pink, takes reader on a thought-provoking analytical exploration of motivation. Ultimately, he compares motivation to a computer operating system and just like computers need upgrades along the way so does our perception of motivates people to thrive boldly. He has organized what scientist, psychologist, and forward, out-of-the-box thinkers have to support a newer way of thinking regarding motivation in the workplace. The author begins the book describing what he calls Motivation 1.0, the basic biological drive to survive which leads to an upgrade to Motivation 2.0, which is the era of rewards and punishments or carrots and sticks which seemed to work for the 20th century.
he movie titled “The Pursuit of Happyness”, there was a problematic family living in San Francisco in 1981. The main character, Chris Gardner worked as a salesman invested his entire life savings in portable bone density scanner to support his family including his wife Linda and a five years old son Christopher. However, Chris’ business was not doing well and his wife was forced to work. Day after day, Linda was suffering and she always quarrelled with Chris and blamed him for didn’t play the role as a responsible father and a good husband. Luckily, this was not the end for Chris.
Piaget and Maslow: Teaching the whole child Exceptional educators keep their fingers on the pulse of what their students need, in order to teach them effectively. Examining Piaget and Maslow’s theories, and applying them to the classroom will facilitate achieving this goal. Considering Piaget’s focus on development, and Maslow’s prioritization of human needs, one can integrate these ideas into classrooms and lesson plans that are optimized for student success.
Although motivating employees can be a challenge, a number of theories about motivation at work can be used as a basis for creating practices, procedures and processes to affect employee
The needs of employees do not fall essentially around that classified categories. Satisfaction of one need also does not essentially direct the motivation to another level. Moreover, this theory is not applicable to school teachers. School teachers’ behavior does not match with the behavior of people employed in business organizations, especially esteem of the hierarchy needs (Gawel, 1997). However, the theory is very important tool for understanding the basic human behavior in the
Some early theories of motivation are, Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Theory X & Y, Two-Factor Theory and McClelland’s Theory of Needs. They are applicable in different ways, as listed below. >Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslow - within every human being there are 5 needs (from low to high): Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization (drive to become, highest on hierarchy). >Theory X and Y McGregor - X = employees dislike work; Y = employees enjoy work.
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, there are five broad motivational needs classified into basic needs and growth needs (Kaur, 2013). The basic needs include, esteem, psychological, love and safety. On the other hand, growth needs involve self-actualization. In this regard, Maslow stipulated that individuals are motivated to attain certain needs (Kaur, 2013). These needs are arranged in such a way that the lower needs must be met before the higher ones.
The first one is Maslow’s need theory which is a motivational theory that illustrates the five types of human being needs in hierarchical pyramid structure. The first type of Maslow’s hierarchy is psychological need such as air, food, shelter, water. The second type is safety needs such as security from outside threats and freedom from fear. The third type is belongings need such as friendship, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. The forth type is esteem needs such as self-respect and to be respected from others.
Motivation is essential for a group as well as an organization. In the eyes of the leader of organization McDonald’s, authorizing and inspiring staff members to do the best in their job and they’re capable of helps create job satisfaction, lowering gross revenue in an industry that has a standing for stimulating its employees. In addition, a glad, stable workforce not just conveys better customer service; it is likewise more compelling at building deals and attracting repeat business. There are five concentrate benefits of employee motivation which Mc Donald’s approached at: 1. Improved Productivity 2.
This theory is proposed by Araham Harold Maslow by year 1954. There are 5 different needs in this theory which consists of: Physiological; Safety; Belongingness; Need for esteem and Self-actualization. Maslow believed that a man being motivated by the needs he wants to satisfy. So, the fundamental needs must be satisfy in order to begin motivating behavior (Adiele and Abraham, 2013). 1) Physiological Physiological needs is fundamental and most basic need for human survival.
introduction Motivation has been defined as some driving force within an individual by which they attempts to achieve some goal in order to fulfill some needs or expectations (Mullins, 1996). Beside Mullins, some scholar also define motivation as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) ; A predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific unmet needs (Buford, Bedeian, and Linder, 1995); An internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994); and the will to achieve (Bedeian, 1993); All those inner-striving conditions described as wishes, desires, drives, etc. (Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich 1995); and the way urges, aspirations, drives and needs of human beings direct
Though all needs are important, everyone usually has one or two of the needs that are the most important to them and employees enter the work place with these needs. Employees that have a high need for affiliation value social interaction and cooperative working relationships. Achievement employees value recognition, fulfilling their goals and taking on moderately difficult challenges. Employees that have a high need for power value the ability to influence and control their environment to meet their goals, they seek leadership
It can be said that motivation is a behavior; it is not a thing or special event that can be observed directly. Motivation is a set of processes that the reason of stimulate, orientation and maintaining human behavior towards achieving of goal. It can also be said that motivation can be a method of improving work productivity. That is it is a way of bringing positive results in educational institutions. For successful educational productivity, we need great deal of time, energy, and effort.
Introduction In today’s business, maximization of profits represents the principal feature of business operations. In order to achieve the highest profits, companies have to manage their human resources effectively. Thus, employee’s motivation has emerged as a critical component, it holds the key to the success of a company. Therefore, human resource managers must motivate their employees to let them perform to their best and achieve the organizational goals.
Next, there are four types of important theories of motivation which includes Maslow`s H Hierarchy of Needs Theory, McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, Herzberg’s Two- Factor Theory and McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory. These theories represent the foundation from which contemporary theories grew and still are used by practising managers to explain employee motivation. Motivation is an internal feeling which can be understood by manager because he is only one always close contact with the employees.” Motivation is