Essay On Difficulties In Learning English Language
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Researches prove that vocational high school students have difficulties on the process of learning English. Learners need to develop and use various learning strategies in order to both deal with such difficulties and make learning efficient. It is not easy to listing some specific factors which influence motivation and the effects of motivation on the process of learning English. Also it is not very clear how motivation affects the choice and use of learning strategies.
Previous researches on motivation focused on two main motivational orientations of language learners. Recent studies show new perspectives about motivation. In this literature review two different models of motivation will be discussed.
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But these unique acts are always carried out within a cultural and social milieu and cannot be completely separated from that context. Several decades ago, Abraham Maslow (1970) viewed motivation as a construct in which ultimate attainment of goals was possible only by passing through a hierarchy of needs, three of which were solidly grounded in community, belonging, and social status. Maslow saw motivation as dependent on the satisfaction first of fundamental physical necessities (air, water, food), then of community, security, identity, and self-esteem, the fulfilment of which finally leads to self-actualization.
The “needs” concept of motivation in some ways belongs to all three schools of thought: the fulfilment of needs is rewarding, requires choices, and in many cases must be interpreted in a social context.
Models of motivation
In this literature review two models of motivation are discussed. The first model is Gardner’s model and the second one is Dörnyei’s model of motivation.
Gardener’s Model
Gardner defines motivation with four aspects:
1. a goal
2. effortful behavior to reach the goal
3. a desire to attain the goal
4. positive attitudes toward the goal (Gardner, 1985, p.
Character Analysis: Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer
978 Words | 4 PagesThey set big goals that they know they can accomplish with time, effort, and hard work (“Six Habits”). These goals they set for themselves allow
Alderfer's Hierarchy Of Needs Analysis
951 Words | 4 PagesThe depth and complexity of the human drive is something that has been studied by scholars for a long time. What makes us do what we do? What makes people get up every morning? What makes people work through pain, through trials? Motivation, as defined by Webster, is “a force of influence that causes someone to do something”.
Supreme Court Motivations
1035 Words | 5 PagesA reason for the lack of and the presence of motivation is based on
Summary Of Drive By Daniel H. Pink
1197 Words | 5 PagesIn his book, Drive, Daniel H. Pink, takes reader on a thought-provoking analytical exploration of motivation. Ultimately, he compares motivation to a computer operating system and just like computers need upgrades along the way so does our perception of motivates people to thrive boldly. He has organized what scientist, psychologist, and forward, out-of-the-box thinkers have to support a newer way of thinking regarding motivation in the workplace. The author begins the book describing what he calls Motivation 1.0, the basic biological drive to survive which leads to an upgrade to Motivation 2.0, which is the era of rewards and punishments or carrots and sticks which seemed to work for the 20th century.
Piaget And Maslow Case Study
1138 Words | 5 PagesThese demands are ranked in the order that they most preoccupy the individual. To illustrate, an individual is not preoccupied by physiological needs such as hunger or thirst, he is then free to seek out that which gives him a sense of safety; moreover, if the individual isn’t preoccupied with finding a safety, warmth, and shelter, he can spend time time seeking out companionship (Huitt, 2007). Maslow proposes 8 levels of motivational needs, the first four, termed the deficiency needs, need to be fulfilled before the second four, the growth needs, can be adressed. The deficiency needs are: bodily needs, the need for safety, social needs, and self esteem. The Growth needs are: the search for understanding, the need to be aesthetically pleased, self actualization, and finally, self-transcendence, which is the highest level, where one has acquired wisdom (Huitt,
Essay On English Language Learners
1421 Words | 6 PagesThe United States is a place of freedom. We are a mixing pot that unifies as one. Many religions, cultures, and languages make their home in the Unites States. Many foreigners see the U.S. as an opportunity to seek better lives and education, but when it comes to foreigners and native-born non-English speakers that do not yet know English, it becomes a little more difficult to go about an average day let alone make a better future. Children in school often become English Language Learners, or ELL, to assimilate to the American standards.
Psychoanalytic Theories Of Human Personality Development
2149 Words | 9 PagesLooking at Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are five primary needs which emphasizes on human motivation (Poduska, 1992). The physiological needs or basic needs are at the lowest level of the hierarchy. These needs must be satisfied in order for individuals to survive. It is then followed by the safety or security needs where individuals seek for protection and stability. When these needs are satisfied, individuals are motivated to fulfill the next level of needs which is the love and belongingness needs.
Motivation In Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
1018 Words | 5 PagesA widely known set of needs, by Abraham Maslow, is a clinical explanation of motivation. Called the hierarchy of needs, it is broken down into three levels before reaching full potential or self-actualization. The first two are physiological and safety needs. They deal with the basic survival skills of hunger, thirst, security and stability. Once those are satisfied the next step to self-actualization is belongingness and love needs; needs for friends and intimate relations.
Self Actualization Literature Review
1483 Words | 6 PagesMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow, 1943) is one of the preeminent
Lack Of Motivation: A Case Study
1215 Words | 5 PagesAccording to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, there are five broad motivational needs classified into basic needs and growth needs (Kaur, 2013). The basic needs include, esteem, psychological, love and safety. On the other hand, growth needs involve self-actualization. In this regard, Maslow stipulated that individuals are motivated to attain certain needs (Kaur, 2013). These needs are arranged in such a way that the lower needs must be met before the higher ones.
The Starbuck Hierarchy Theory
1104 Words | 5 PagesThis theory is proposed by Araham Harold Maslow by year 1954. There are 5 different needs in this theory which consists of: Physiological; Safety; Belongingness; Need for esteem and Self-actualization. Maslow believed that a man being motivated by the needs he wants to satisfy. So, the fundamental needs must be satisfy in order to begin motivating behavior (Adiele and Abraham, 2013). 1) Physiological Physiological needs is fundamental and most basic need for human survival.
Carrot And Stick Approach Analysis
1971 Words | 8 Pagesintroduction Motivation has been defined as some driving force within an individual by which they attempts to achieve some goal in order to fulfill some needs or expectations (Mullins, 1996). Beside Mullins, some scholar also define motivation as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) ; A predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific unmet needs (Buford, Bedeian, and Linder, 1995); An internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994); and the will to achieve (Bedeian, 1993); All those inner-striving conditions described as wishes, desires, drives, etc. (Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich 1995); and the way urges, aspirations, drives and needs of human beings direct
Humanistic Approach
1054 Words | 5 PagesHowever, there are strengths and limitations of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, some strengths are that it emphasises choice such as free will and responsibility
Reflection On Experiential Learning Practice
1809 Words | 8 Pages(Salancik & Pfeffer, 1977) a study found that the use of the “word” goal indicates to an individual that a task is achievable. This study stresses the use of the word “goal” has a positive impact on motivation, a point held by the goal setting theory. This could therefore be applied to my EPP experience with the use of the word goal being used to describe objectives and aspirations of the organisation. However, within my time at the organisation goal setting theory was not always described as goals we needed to achieve, this may have intern limited the possible motivation given to tasks. Some goals set were not being achieved, which counters goal setting theories stance on setting achievable goals.
Richard Thaler Goal Setting Theory
782 Words | 4 PagesSmith School of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park, is a pioneer in the Goal Setting Theory, which he first presented in his 1990 book, A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. His theory was based on studies involving about 40,000 people from eight different countries over a period of 25 years. A thought-provoking conclusion he drew from all those studies was that in 90% of the cases, specific and challenging goals led to higher performance than easy goals, “do your best” goals, or no goals. Goal setting theory is essentially a motivation theory.
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