3. Literature Review
Although the valuation of Sundarbans Reserved Forest is a relatively new concept from a Bangladeshi viewpoint, it would be untrue to state that there have not been works to estimate values of mangrove forests and its services in the past, all around the world. So, before we delve in to analyze and calculate a value for the ecosystem of SRF, a look at these researches and their findings are in order. It is, however, important to note that the results of these researches have not been consistent; in fact in different cases and countries the results have been very dissimilar. Most experts have atoned these differences to disparity in the types of mangrove-related goods, the premises related to the linkage between these type
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(2015) was looked at to get an idea of the travel cost valuation technique being applied to environmental goods similar to the SRF ecosystem: in Kawsar et al.’s case Lawachara National Park (LNP) in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Kawsar et al. estimated 55,694,173 Taka/year as the economic value of LNP and suggested imposing an entry fee of 25 taka/visit to raise revenue to further the management and infrastructure improvements there, which is the path that this research on TCV of SRF will follow. On the other hand, Uddin states that never in history has the total value of the Bangladeshi part of Sundarbans been economically valued and hence, it always loses out during policy-making in the development front. The paper also provided economic estimates of some of Sundarbans’ provisioning services. Moreover, it spoke about the climate impacts on the two most prominent commercial species of flora, Sunduri and Gewa. He states “The suitable area of Sunduri trees is expected to decrease with 14% by 2050 (32 cm Sea Level Rise) and 45% by 2100 (88 cm Sea Level Rise) compared to the base year 2001, whereas the suitable area of Gewa could decrease up to 7% by 2100. However, the value of 'Sunduri' stocks will reduce by almost 45% by 2100 whereas the value of 'Gewa' stocks will remain fairly constant.” Lastly, he paves the way for a research to estimate the total economic value of SRF that would initiate better policy-making for the
For farming families of the Southern Plains, the plight of the Great Depression was made all the more harrowing by the onset of the Dust Bowl, as readers of The Grapes of Wrath will remember well. But, for environmental historian Donald Worster, the twin calamities of the Depression and the Dust Bowl were no unlucky coincidence. " My argument," Worster declares, "is that there was a in fact a close link between the Dust Bowl and the Depression -- that the same society produced them both, and for similar reasons. Both events revealed fundamental weaknesses in the traditional culture of America, the one in ecological terms, the other in economic.
Our Interior Forest. Ian Frazier for his inner life compares it to be inside in a forest, since in it, many people often use it as an escape to the current reality that each one, e.g. a forest (spa, fishing, Park, Beach) that departs to the reality of day to day living. When the person escapes to the forest is to explore and internalize what are its purposes and goals to follow. Ian mentions that explore would be a more prominent idea than it is currently. At present our explorations seem to have less historical system since increasingly the experiences that arise are more materialistic than real feelings.
There are many unexplained mysteries across the globe that scientists may never be able to solve, including that of the unique trees in a forest, often referred to as the "Crooked Forest," in Poland. The Crooked Forest is a group of bent pine trees located near Nowe Czarnowo in Poland, and many feel that it is one of the scariest places in Central Europe. The trees that make up the forest were planted in the 1930s, and 10 years later, they mysteriously bent. What is even more strange is that each of the trees is bent from the base at a 90 degree angle.
My mother, native to the Philippines, grew up in poverty. Although she had little, she always managed to give back to the community. She expressed that it is better to give than to receive. This idea has shaped me into the person I am today. It has taught me to be humble and to always give back to those who are less fortunate.
The ecosystem that I found to be the most interesting is the Daintree Rainforest. This rainforest is estimated to be 180 million years old and has a very fascinating and distinctive land. The Daintree Rainforest is a tropical rainforest that is located on the north east coast of Queensland, Australia; taking up a total of 0.1 percent of Australia’s land mass. The Daintree Rainforest is the oldest existing tropical rainforest in the world and the biggest rainforest located in Australia, it is a total of over 1,200 square kilometers in size. This forest got its famous name from a man named Richard Daintree, a 19th century Australian geologist and photographer.
A question that has been asked by many is, how much money are the national parks worth? In the article, "Americans Think National Parks Are Worth Way More than We Spend on Them," Linda J. Bilmes and John Loomis conducted a study to find out how much Americans think parks are worth (Bilmes and Loomis). Their research concluded that Americans would put a value of ninetytwo billion dollars on national parks, monuments, seashores, and recreation areas yearly (Bilmes and Loomis). With only receiving three billion dollars annually, "that amount is inadequate to maintain and invest in asset valued at over ninety billion dollars (Bilmes and Loomis)."
The first redwood conservation group to drive the movement was the Sempervirens Club in 1900, which fought to preserve redwood predominantly in San Jose and the rest of Southern California. Later, in 1918, the Save-the-Redwoods League was established and took charge of the redwood conservation movement in Northern California. From the very beginning, however, various women’s clubs and organizations both helped the Sempervirens Club and Save-the-Redwoods League as well as campaigned actively for the tree’s preservation. Both in San Jose and Humboldt County of Northern California, women were key in the success of the movement. Thanks to the various redwood conservation groups and their interactions with women’s conservation clubs and groups,
The findings of this project must however been subjected to some scrutiny as the plots were situated in disturbed areas of savannah. This could have a direct effect on the number of species in the area and therefore greatly change the conclusion of this research. However, the biome the plot was situated was still savannah and thus adequate conclusions can still be drawn from the
The impact did the book "The Jungle" has on society was showed the publis was actually going on in the factories. It showed how owners had no regard for worker safety nor public safety. Examples: people getting fingers cut off and being mixed in with the meat, diseased foods, and more. All the impacted of the Jungle in U.S by helping develop foods and workers safty laws and administrations. It also impacted the world by showing how immigrants were being mistreated and how hard life really was in the U.S.
Alberto Rios in “Faithful Forest” helps the reader imagine the petrified wood as once part of a living forest with the use of imagery and asking the reader to think about the past. In the first stanza, the author sets the time frame of the woods as ancient, helping the reader imagine the past where the wood was trees and leaves blew in the wind. In the second stanza, Alberto Rios asks the reader to again picture the forest that once existed. Letting the reader know, “it is still forest here, the forest of used-to-be”(Rios 8) pushing readers to imagine the past. In the third stanza, the author uses images of leaves taken by the wind leaving the branches bare, reinforcing the picture of a tree filled forest.
HRT 3M1a- Grade 11 Religion CPT Part A: Annotated Bibliography Chapple, Christopher Key. " Hinduism and ecology. " Tikkun, Mar.-Apr. 2005, p. 32.
The Brazilian Amazon is home to 40% of the world’s tropical rainforest. Incidentally, it also has the world’s fastest rate of deforestation. Tropical Rainforests around the world are lost at the rate of one acre per second with the average rate of Brazilian Amazon being such that 2 million hectares of forest land are cleared every year. There are multiple causes for this extensive rate of deforestation and this paper will address four such causes namely (1) rapid population growth, (2) industrial logging and mining, (3) changing spatial patterns of deforestation, and (4) wildfires. Moreover, there are several Brazilian state policies that encourage deforestation practices of which this paper will look at five key aspects – (1) taxes on agricultural income, (2) rules of land allocation, (3) land taxes, and (4) tax credit schemes and subsidized credits.
Introduction: Description: Deforestation is defined as the permanent destruction of forests in order to make land available for other uses. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 18 million acres of forest are lost each year. This equals to approximately 36 football fields of forest being cleared each minute. Though deforestation occurs all over the world, it’s the tropical forests which are being particularly targeted. Due to this countries such as Indonesia, Brazil, the Democratic republic of Congo and Thailand have a very
Biodiversity is all life on the planet. How much life is out there, however, is still quite unclear and by this time, possibly many new species may find out. Appraise of around a range from 2 million to 100 million species, with only about 1.4 million are named at this current time. The attainable diversity of uncharacterized species is very much frustrating, visualizes how many species are here and others are still missing or unrecognized. However, now days where globalization intercepts species have begun to dissolve at a very alarming and devastating rate.
Sustainable forest management requires three major criteria which are the maintenance of ecological processes within the forest (soil formation, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nutrient and hydrological cycles), maintenance of biodiversity of forest, improving the net social benefits derived from the mixture of forest uses within the constraints by considering the future. Forest provides habitats for more than half of the fauna and flora on the Earth (SCBD, 2001). Forest biome plays an important role in mitigating climate change by serving as carbon sinks (Hassan et al., 2005). Forest land is the most fundamental natural resources which become reduced mainly due to anthropogenic pressures. For proper management of land, it is essential to have information about existing land cover and about the naturalness of the land.