Literature Review: Parkinson's Disease (PD)

According to the Mayo Clinic’s article, Frontotemporal Dementia, says that it is normally misdiagnosed as a psychiatric problem and it states that this type of dementia normally occurs at a younger age than Alzheimer’s does and it is commonly between the ages of 40 and 45. B. Symptoms i. Many people who have FTD have changes in their behavior, become impulsive, and lose their ability to speak. ii. In the article, Dementia and Its Implications for Public Health, written by the CDC and published in April 2006, FTD can cause a person to become very inappropriate with their language and sexual behavior.

Anxiolytics which are similar to sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that work on the central nervous system to treat anxiety and insomnia. The main classes of drugs are benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Barbiturates are a class of drugs that have been derived from barbituric acid. Barbituric acid itself has no therapeutic activity; however, its derivatives enhance the action of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits the activity of nerve cells in the brain. Traditionally, barbiturates were used in the treatment of anxiety, epilepsy, anesthetics, and to induce sleep.

Currently the most accepted hypothesis is a vascular disruption causing a hypoxic/ischemic insult to the brainstem in the first trimester23, 24. This can be caused by various teratogens evoking uterine contractions. The following teratogens have been described including: gestational hyperthermia 25, 26, chorionic villus sampling 27, abuse of benzodiazepines 28, alcohol 25,cocaine29, thalidomide 30, ergotamine 31 or self-induced abortion – misoprostol 32. Hypoplasia or aplasia of the nuclei can also be caused by genetic mechanisms 1, but because the majority of Moebius syndrome cases are sporadic, genetics play only a minor role. So far three different chromosomal regions for familial Moebius syndrome have been reported: MBS1 (OMIM 157900, 13q12.2-q13) 33, 34, MBS2 (OMIM 601471, 3q21-q22) and MBS3 (OMIM 604185, 10q21.3-q22.1) 35, 36.

This illness is believed to be the result of the retrograde transmission of the virus from the face following simple herpes (HSV-1) reactivation, along a nerve axon, ending in the brain (Whitley RJ 2006) The virus lies inactive in the ganglion of the trigeminal cranial nerve, it however remains unclear what exactly causes the reactivation and how it gains access to the brain pathway though its believed it may be a result of changes in the immune system caused by stress. It is also believed that the olfactory nerve may be involved in this particular illness, offering an explanation its preference for the temporal lobes of the brain, as it sends branches there. If left untreated after 96 hours permanent damage in

Percocet Withdrawal Treatment Percocet is a combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone. Acetaminophen is a pain reliever which is less potent but its effect increased when it is combined with oxycodone. Oxycodone is an opioid pain medication. Percocet is often used as a prescription drug to relieve moderate to severe pain. But too much of Percocet dependency leads to addiction of it.

A reduction of activity of Complex I of the electron transport chain and mutations in mtDNA-encoded complex I subunits and mtDNA polymerase γ are associated with Parkinson’s. Huntington’s Disease is an inherited disorder which causes death of brain cells. Studies show that it is caused by the reduction of activity of complex II in the electron transport

And yet one can intervene in various ways - with in order to control and prevent the individual problems. The myotonic phenomenon, when significantly disabling, can improve with the use of drugs such as quinine, diphenylhydantoin or antiarrhythmic agents such as procainamide and mexiletine; and yet, since these drugs can produce side effects, the employment opportunities to be assessed case by case basis in relation to the actual severity of myotonic phenomenon. A level cardiology, using antiarrhythmic drugs, inotropic, antihypertensive and diuretics; cataracts can be removed with a simple surgery. The power supply should be treated in order to avoid ponderal overloads; it is not contraindicated regular physical activity, but not to be tiring. Finally it shows the ventilation therapy of support, when they appear increases of carbon dioxide and daytime and / or night-time hypoxia for reduced respiratory muscle

Parkinson 's disease and Shingles Parkinson 's disease (PD) par·kin·son·ism (par 'kin-son-izm) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The symptoms can come on slowly as time progresses. In the beginning of this disease, the most obvious signs are shaking, and slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking. Thinking and behavioral problems can occur as well. Dementia becomes common in most advanced stages of this disease.

Encephalitis is different than meningitis on the fact that encephalitis infects the brain directly. The exact cause of this disorder is not known, but main cause of encephalitis that we do understand is different from meningitis. Encephalitis is most often caused by Herpes Simplex Viruses, a viral infection (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017a, para. 17). Patients dealing with symptoms of this disease would be asked in assessment about loss of consciousness, problems with speech and hearing, and muscle weakness Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017a, para. 4-6).

After inhalation, 59%-62% is eliminated in the urine and 32%-34% in faeces. About 8%-13% is excreted unmetabolised in the urine, and about 15% to 18% is excreted in the urine as conjugates. The terminal half-life after inhalation is estimated to be 17 hours. 7.0 Contraindications/Adverse Side Effects 7.1  Contraindications for Formoterol include hypersensitivity to Formoterol or to Lactose Monohydrate; may cause anaphylaxis, severe hypotension and angioedema. 

Since opioids are also known to affect seizure activity as well, opioids are looked in how they can be modulated in order to decrease seizure activity. Within the dentate gyrus (DG), there are two opioid peptides, enkephalins and dynorphins, which both have effects on excitability, but with contrasting effects (11). The difference between these two peptides is that enkephalins bind to delta- and mu- opioid receptors (DORs and MORs) whereas dynorphins bind to kappa-opioid receptors (KORs). However, unlike galanin receptors, opioid receptors can be activated by exogenous opiate drugs, which means that overdose can be possible because it is not reliant on an endogenous ligand. For example, the MOR agonist morphine can bind which means that a ligand can be introduced and not well regulated by the body, leading to overdose (11).

Common findings are neurodefecits in the central nervous system (CNS) such as chronic neurologic demyelination and inflammation of the CNS, lesions found in the neural space of the person, and an inappropriate immune response (Borazanci et al. 2009). Loss of myelin in the CNS leads to inappropriate action potential activation in which the axons of the neurons become inflamed over time and potentially lead to axon damage and/or loss (Nickerson 2013). Nickerson 2013 also stated that this long term inflammation could be contributing to the long term disabilities associated with MS. Loss of myelin in the axons of neurologic cells lead to many things; one being the formation of astrocytic scarring forming on the myelin sheaths (Newlan et

Parkinson disease is a degenerative disorder of basal ganglia function that results in variable combination of tremor, rigidity, akinesia/ bradykinesia, and postural changes. The causes of Parkinson disease is unknown, but it is widely believed that most cases are caused by an interaction of environmental and genetic factors. It is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movements. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is one of the most common neurologic disorders of older adults. The disorder is characterized by progressive destruction of the nigrostriatal pathway, with subsequent reduction in striatal concentration of dopamine.

Outline: According to Egans, ALS, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is a disease that affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, “a progressive disease degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons.” ALS prevents the nourishment of muscles, and when muscles are not fed the required nutrients, they atrophy. It hit’s areas of the spinal cord where the nerve cells that signal and control the muscles are located. As the area begins to die, it starts to scar or harden in that region. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body.

It is caused by physical changes in the brain.” (Alzheimer’s Association) Whereas Alzheimer’s is a “Type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior.” (Alzheimer’s Association) Generally speaking, one could imagine