Polyurethane Synthesis

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Polyurethanes

Polyurethane is an organic polymers, it was first discovered by Prof. Dr Otto Bayer in 1937. Polyurethanes are defined as polymers which contain urethane groups (-NH-CO-O-) in the main chain. However, as the versatility uses of this type of polymers, urethane group is not usually the principle group presents, other groups such as ester, ether, amine and urea groups are generally contained in the chain in reasonable number. Urethanes group present in the chain is the result from the reaction between molecules containing two or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups per molecules and isocyanates that have more than one reactive isocyanate group (-NCO) per molecule as for example reaction between diisocyanates with diol as shown in Figure 1. The reaction occurs in such a way hydrogen moves from diol to the nitrogen of diisocyanate while the oxygen of diol link with carbon on diisocyanate (Ophardt,

Over the past decade, as the price of petroleum oil increased, the stability and the sustainability of the petroleum market have become serious concerns. Costs of polymeric raw materials have since risen due to increase in feedstock price (Zhang, Jeon, Malsam, Herrington, & Macosko, 2007). The conservation of environment from pollution is also taken into account in considering other alternative to petroleum based polyurthane as the number of wastes comes from polyurethane increase steadily as the production of it. The neutral-oil based polyurethane is known to be slightly or have potential to degrade compared to petroleum based polyurethane. In addition to the increasing waste cooking oil dumped illegally worldwide, studies had done on the potential of the waste cooking oil to be substituted as the raw material use in making