Chapter 2.1 Chemistry Of Chromium

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Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Chemistry of Chromium Chromium is the 22nd most abundant element in the crust of the earth with an average of 100 ppm. Chromium discovered in 1790 by a French chemist Louis Nicholas Vauquelin while he was experimenting a material known “Crocoite”- Lead chromate PbCrO4. Chromium is the first element in group 6 in the periodic table with atomic number of 24 and Cr symbol [2]. It may occur in all oxidation states from”-2 to +6”, mainly as metallic (Cr0), trivalent (Cr+3) and Hexavalent (Cr+6) which is principally synthesized by the oxidation of the naturally occurring trivalent chromium; it is also highly toxic and carcinogenic. Trivalent chromium is an essential trace element that is required for …show more content…

The holo-chromodulin eventually removed from the body via urine. Due to the large biding constant of LMWCr to chromium ions, it cannot be converted to its inactive form. However, inactive LMWCr compensation mechanism within the body is unknown.
2.6 Chromium Deficiency
2.6.1 Definition A condition that results from an inadequate dietary intake of chromium, it is an uncommon condition. Clearly defined cases have been observed only in hospital patient that rely only on defined liquids intravenously for long periods.
2.6.2 Signs and Symptoms Chromium deficiency can produce symptoms other than elevated blood sugar levels, such as, fatigue, confusion, anxiety, weight loss, and abnormal cholesterol metabolism. Increased progress of atherosclerosis and slower healing time preceding injuries or surgery are associated with it.
2.6.3 Causes Consumption of refined foods especially simple sugars (like fructose and sucrose) worsens the problem of chromium deficiency because it increases the loss of chromium from the body. In addition to the fact that they are already chromium deficient, stressful situations such as pregnancy, strenuous exercise, and infections also increase the body loss of chromium. Chromium deficiency is also present in elderly and diabetics …show more content…

However, oral hypoglycemic agents in addition to dietary manipulations are most time obligatory to manage hyperglycemia in these patients. T2D is relevant after age 40, but it can occur in younger people. Recently, T2D has been an emergent issue in children in many developed societies.
2.9.2 Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are two central, interrelated defects in the pathophysiology of T2D. An inability of the pancreas to make enough insulin to compensate insulin resistance, and a decreased insulin ability to act on peripheral tissue respectively. Hence, a relative insulin deficiency usually occurs early in the disease, whereas absolute deficiency comes late.

2.10 Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1: demonstrates the ADA diagnostic criteria of Diabetes [64].
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FBG) ≥ 126mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%
Random Plasma Glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1

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