Literature Review On Hallmarks Of Cancer
CHAPTER TWO
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Hallmarks of cancer:
Most of the cancer cell produces energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by the lactic acid formation in the cytosol rather than the glycolysis followed by oxidation in the mitochondria. This is known as the Warburg effect of cancer (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011).
More in detail, the first stage in cellular respiration reaction in both aerobic/anaerobic is glycolysis which is defined as the metabolic pathway to break down of glucose into pyruvate. This stage takes place in the cytosol. In aerobic condition, normal cells form pyruvate molecules then proceed to citric acid cycle inside the matrix of the mitochondria to oxidize NADH to NAD+. NADH /NAD+ pass its electrons to the free O2
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& MACLEOD, K. F. 2010. Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. The Journal of pathology, 221, 3-12.
HANAHAN, D. & WEINBERG, ROBERT A. 2011. Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation. Cell, 144, 646-674.
LEE, Y.-Y., JEON, H.-K., HONG, J. E., CHO, Y. J., RYU, J. Y., CHOI, J.-J., LEE, S. H., YOON, G., KIM, W. Y., DO, I.-G., KIM, M. K., KIM, T.-J., CHOI, C. H., LEE, J.-W., BAE, D.-S. & KIM, B.-G. 2015a. Proton pump inhibitors enhance the effects of cytotoxic agents in chemoresistant epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Oncotarget, 6, 35040-35050.
LEE, Y., JEON, H., HONG, J., CHO, Y., RYU, J., CHOI, J., LEE, S. O., YOON, G., KIM, W., DO, I., KIM, M., KIM, T., CHOI, C., LEE, J., BAE, D. & KIM, B. 2015b. Proton pump inhibitors enhance the effects of cytotoxic agents in chemoresistant epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Oncotarget, 6, 35040-35050.
LINDNER, K., BORCHARDT, C., SCHOPP, M., BURGERS, A., STOCK, C., HUSSEY, D. J., HAIER, J. & HUMMEL, R. 2014. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) impact on tumour cell survival, metastatic potential and chemotherapy resistance, and affect expression of resistance-relevant miRNAs in esophageal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 33,
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M. & SACHS, G. 2008. Pharmacology of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Current gastroenterology reports, 10, 528-534.
TAN, Q., JOSHUA, A. M., SAGGAR, J. K., YU, M., WANG, M., KANGA, N., ZHANG, J. Y., CHEN, X., WOUTERS, B. G. & TANNOCK, I. F. 2015. Effect of pantoprazole to enhance activity of docetaxel against human tumour xenografts by inhibiting autophagy. British Journal of Cancer, 112, 832-840.
TAN, Q., JOSHUA, A. M., WANG, M., BRISTOW, R. G., WOUTERS, B. G., ALLEN, C. J. & TANNOCK, I. F. 2017. Up-regulation of autophagy is a mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy and can be inhibited by pantoprazole to increase drug sensitivity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 79, 959-969.
TAYLOR, S., SPUGNINI, E. P., ASSARAF, Y. G., AZZARITO, T., RAUCH, C. & FAIS, S. 2015. Microenvironment acidity as a major determinant of tumor chemoresistance: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as a novel therapeutic approach. Drug Resist Updat, 23, 69-78.
WANG, B.-Y., ZHANG, J., WANG, J.-L., SUN, S., WANG, Z.-H., WANG, L.-P., ZHANG, Q.-L., LV, F.-F., CAO, E.-Y., SHAO, Z.-M., FAIS, S. & HU, X.-C. 2015. Intermittent high dose proton pump inhibitor enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 34,
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