Literature Study: Skopos In Translation Studies

Literature Review: In Translation studies, among the three the one type of translation studies is Interlingual translation (it means translation from one language to another retaining the sense). The sense for sense approach allowed the sense or content of the source text to be translated. It is also known as the free or semantic translation because only the meaning or sense of source text to be translated. In this approach certain theories included such as Nida’s model of equivalence effect, Skopos theory, Holmes/Toury “Map” and ethics of translation.
Nida is in the favor of two basic “orientations or types of equivalence”.
(1): Formal Equivalence
(2): Dynamic Equivalence
These are defined by the Nida as follow:
The “Formal Equivalence”

This Skopos may often differ from that of the source text (surely a useful point). The Skopos is the highest determining factor influencing the translator’s decisions. The action should observe the "Skopos rule," which postulates that the form of a target text (TT), including translation strategies and methods adopted, should above all be determined by the purpose or Skopos that the TT is intended to fulfill in the target context. Translation is the production of a functionally appropriate TT based on a source text (ST). While the translator is entitled to decide what role an ST plays in the translation process, the decisive factor is the precisely specified Skopos. The ST is only one constituent of the order and an "offer of

He must only accept assignments that he/she can complete and deliver in a timely manner (by the due date).
Accountability
The translator is accountable for his/her work and must recognize and acknowledge translation mistakes and try to correct them even when the translation has been completed.
Professional Development
The Translator must seek professional development courses to maintain, improve and enlarge translation skills and general knowledge through self-teaching, formal and informal continuing education.
Respect for all parties
The translator must show respect for all parties involved in the translation assignment, including respect for self, the agency and to its clients.
Every translation shall be faithful and provide exactly the idea and form of the original – this fidelity constitutes both a moral and legal obligation for the translator. – International Federation of Translators (FIT).
These are the certain theories that included in sense-for-sense approach. Through these theories especially the Nida,s model of Equivalence with the assistance of Skopos Theory, we trasnslate the work of “Mubashar Ali Zaidi” that is “Ehsaan-mand” into English language. It is an interlingual translation (translation from urdu to English, from one language to another