Lyme Disease Epidemiology
Lyme Disease Causal Agent and Epidemiology Lyme disease is a rapidly growing vector-borne disease that spans North America (Edlow, 2012). This disease has an established and well-researched causal agent and epidemiology. Both of these aspects will be discussed in detail below. This disease has a huge impact on the population of North America, with reports of 20,000 diagnosed patients in 2011 (Elbaum-Garfinkle, 2011) and an estimated 300,000 people affected annually by 2013 (Berger et al., 2013). This disease has been recognized since 1975, and has continued to grow in incidence and impact since its initial discovery. Yale scientists Dr. Allan C. Steere and Dr. Stephen E. Malawista are credited as being the first to recognize, name, characterize, …show more content…
Stanek and Reiter (2011) studied a number of alternate strains of Borrelia bacterium discovered between 1982 and 1992, including Borrelia afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and Borrelia garinii. From 1992 to 2010, another 15 genospecies of spirochaetes were identified in North America, Europe, and Asia. Of the 18 identified genomic species, only three (Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Borrelia garinii) have been identified as pathogenic causal agents of Lyme disease. The infections occurs when a deer tick in the nymph phase feeds on a human and transmits the bacterium into that human’s blood stream. The CDC reported that Lyme disease was primarily diagnosed in 14 states in 2014: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin (CDC, 2016). This disease is concentrated primarily in the northeast and upper Midwest regions of the United States (CDC, 2016). There are a few reported cases of Lyme disease outside of this region annually, but not a significant number. The majority of cases of reported and confirmed Lyme disease remain in the northeast and upper Midwest …show more content…
The CDC report from 2003-2005 indicated a total of 64,382 cases of Lyme disease from 46 states, with 93% of cases reported in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. The median age of patients in reported cases was 41 years, with ages ranging from 0 to 90 years. Men and women were equally represented in reported cases. The CDC identified participation in outdoor activities as a risk factor for infection, and provides educational materials for members of the public to download that provides procedures to reduce the risk of
White Nose Fungus
629 Words | 3 PagesFound in Yukon, Northwest Territories, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, P.E.I., Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador. One of two types of bat found on P.E.I. Glossy brown fur and weigh between four and eleven grams. 4-5 cm long and a wingspan of 22-27 cm. Eat insects.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Research Paper
506 Words | 3 PagesHighest incident for infection is between the ages sixty to sixty-four. RMSF is more common with those individuals who live near wooded areas, high grass areas, and are exposed to dogs that are frequently within those areas. Wearing long pants and sleeves, checking yourself and your animals for ticks, using insect repellants, keeping your grass cut, clearing brush and leaves from your property, and removing attached ticks with tweezers instead of fingers can all be useful ways to reduce the transmission of the
Lyme Disease Research Paper
462 Words | 2 PagesYour dog may not show signs right away but signs can start to appear months after the dog has been infected of the disease. The highest risk seasons for Lyme disease is late spring and early fall. Lyme disease is an acute disease which means it's a short but rapid course. The incubation periods for showing clinical signs of being infected is two to five months after been bitten by the tick. Long incubation periods, can cause your dog to be on antibodies for a long period of time.
Deer In The Early 1700s
309 Words | 2 PagesIn the 1900’s hunting threatened to eliminate white-tailed deer from much of Maryland. Prohibited state wide. In present day Maryland hunters harvest 86,883 deer and there was a 9 % decrease of deer since last year. Some of the problems created by an overpopulation of deer are, deer damaging yards and gardens and also farms as well. They also carry diseases and increase rapidly in areas such
Charles Bonnet Syndrome Analysis
850 Words | 4 PagesWithout a Swiss naturalist, named Charles Bonnet, back in 1760, we wouldn’t have discovered CBS. It is also thanks to his grandfather, Charles Lullin, who first exhibited the symptoms of
Lyme Disease
1565 Words | 7 PagesLyme disease Lyme disease is an infection transmitted by deer ticks and black-legged ticks. Individuals usually come in contact with this disease is in wooded or grassy areas that is very prominent in the united states and 60 other countries. It is estimated that in the united states there are more than 300,000 cases per year, but Lyme disease is a very hard infection to diagnose some cases are not accounted for. The symptoms of Lyme disease mimic many other diseases and that is why it can be misdiagnosed most of the time for fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson’s, ALS, alzheimers, or multiple sclerosis. Lyme disease can affect people of all ages but it is most common in people who spend extended periods of time outside or are in
Plague: The Black Death
139 Words | 1 PagesBubonic-characterized by painful swollen lymph nodes or ‘buboes’- is the most common form. Plague epidemics have occurred in Africa, Asia, and South America but since the 1990s, most human cases have occurred in
What Causes Lyme Disease
762 Words | 4 PagesMammals that are infected by Lyme disease include dogs, horses, humans, cattle, and cats (CFSPH). The science behind this mysterious correlation has yet to be proven but many theories have been made supporting the ideas of electromagnetism and gravitational pull (TOL). To find the reasoning behind this all but coincidental occurrence between the two cycles, these theories must be tested on the moon. With the comparison of the disease on the earth and on the moon, society could learn more about how the bacteria is affected on the moon which would revolutionize society’s outlook on this very delicate
Lyme Disease Analysis
769 Words | 4 PagesLyme disease is virtually only found in the northeast and upper Midwest of the United States. The states that Lyme disease is found in include, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. In 2014, 96 percent of all cases came out of these states. Upwards of 30,000 people a year are diagnosed a year with Lyme disease. This is only a fraction
Lyme Disease Research Paper
1076 Words | 5 PagesWalking is an enjoyable and healthy activity, and providing you follow a few simple rules it’s also quite safe. Although most people take extra care as they walk along narrow country lanes, many are unaware that one of the most significant health threats to walkers is Lyme disease, a bacterial infection, which spreads to humans through the bite of an infected sheep tick. Ticks are tiny bloodsucking, arachnids which live in areas of dense vegetation, such as bracken, long grass or woodlands. These minute creatures attach themselves to the skin of both animals and humans to feed on their blood.
Native American Disease
926 Words | 4 PagesThe difference in the practice of animal domestication played an enormous role in this. “The inhabitants of the Americas, by contrast, had few, if any, domesticated animals, and thus the crowd disease that played such a significant role in other parts of the world were largely unknown.” (Grob, 2002, p. 17). Most of the pathogens that cause such diseases in humans are from common animals and cattle. “…higher levels of animal domestication in the Eastern Hemisphere may have enabled more diseases to pass to humans from animal host.
Bubonic Plague Effects
783 Words | 4 PagesIt was only around four hundred years later that scientists found the cause of the Bubonic plague. In 1897, a German bacteriologist named Robert Koch determined that fleas and rats were the leading transmission of the plague ("Bubonic plague. " World of Biology). Antibiotics largely control the plague now, but even in some countries with poor sanitation, it is still open to
Padd 1 Case Study
507 Words | 3 PagesThe first is PADD 1A, also referred to as the New England District, which is the furthest northeast states and includes Maine down to Connecticut. Second there is PADD 1B, also referred to as the Central Atlantic District, which covers the states from New York down to Maryland and Delaware.
Essay On Chronic Wasting Disease
1217 Words | 5 PagesChronic Wasting Disease Have you ever imagined the whitetail deer population being entirely gone? This is completely possible with the increased spreading of Chronic Wasting Disease. Chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, moose, and reindeer. Although some people believe baiting deer is not harmful, evidence shows that Chronic Wasting Disease can be spread by baiting so we should prohibit baiting for the deers safety.
Essay On Epidemiology
844 Words | 4 PagesZika is a perfect example of how infectious diseases and agents can quickly spread throughout the world due to the ease of travel, and therefore poses a major public health threat. The public health goal is to now figure out how to stop the spread of Zika by possibly eliminating the reservoir and vector, the mosquito. Prevention of Zika also depends on educating at risk populations/geographical areas on the disease and how to avoid becoming infected. There are also a multitude of neglected tropical diseases in parts of the world that receive little attention and therefore little research to prevent mortality and
More about Lyme Disease Epidemiology
White Nose Fungus
629 Words | 3 PagesRocky Mountain Spotted Fever Research Paper
506 Words | 3 PagesLyme Disease Research Paper
462 Words | 2 PagesDeer In The Early 1700s
309 Words | 2 PagesCharles Bonnet Syndrome Analysis
850 Words | 4 PagesLyme Disease
1565 Words | 7 PagesPlague: The Black Death
139 Words | 1 PagesWhat Causes Lyme Disease
762 Words | 4 PagesLyme Disease Analysis
769 Words | 4 PagesLyme Disease Research Paper
1076 Words | 5 PagesNative American Disease
926 Words | 4 PagesBubonic Plague Effects
783 Words | 4 PagesPadd 1 Case Study
507 Words | 3 PagesEssay On Chronic Wasting Disease
1217 Words | 5 PagesEssay On Epidemiology
844 Words | 4 Pages