1.5 Epidemiology, parasitology and biology of lymphatic filariasis: (Distribution, causal agent, Life cycle, transmission dynamics and Culex vector) 1.5.1 Geographic Distribution: The distribution of lymphatic filariasis is limited to the tropical and subtropical countries mainly in Africa, the Mediterranean area and South East Asia (WHO, 1998). It is also occurs in Western Pacific and West Indies Islands. 1.5.2 Adult worm: The creamy white, thread like adults of both sexes lie tightly coiled in the nodular dilations of the lymphatic vessels and sinuses of the lymphndes. Female worm measures 80-100 × 0.25 mm and the male 40× 0.1mm, being about half the size of female.
1.5.3 Microfilariae: mff develops as an embryo of
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Physicians need to have high degree of suspicion in patients presenting with multiple congenital anamolies involving lymphatics. Diagnosis is suspected based on classical phenotypic features. But lymphatic malformations can be demonstrated by intestinal mucosal biopsy and radionuclide
6. Name two possible treatments for this disease. 1.Topical treatment that can rub into the affected area of the skin. 2.Coal-tar ointments and shampoos. ”
Fungal diseases have been recently introduced into the medical field. Fungi are a part of the domain Eukarya, where it once was considered in the plant kingdom. The domain Eukarya is consistent with eukaryotic organisms that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Fungal diseases are more difficult to treat compared to antibiotics for bacterial diseases because the fungus and the host are eukaryotic organisms. Therefore, any treatment of the fungus may affect the host too and can develop resistance to antifungal medication.
Serologic testing is most simple and helpful. B henselae is difficult to culture. In selected cases, excision of an involved node is useful for histopathologic examination. Fine-needle aspira- tion biopsy is less invasive and may be preferred if feasible. Conventional stains can demonstrate granulomas and stellate necrosis, and silver stains can detect suggestive bacillary forms.
A rash for dermatomyositis can be a violet-colored or dusty red rash that appears most commonly on a person’s face or eyelids, but it can also be found around a person’s nails, knuckles, elbows, back, chest and knees. Most of the time the first visual sign of dermatomyositis is a patchy bluish-purplish rash. Another sign of dermatomyositis is the progressive weakening of the muscles closest to the trunk of the body, such as: the hips, thighs, shoulders, upper arms, and neck. Over time this pain will gradually worsen, so the weakness will affect both the right and left sides of the
Necrotizing fasciitis often occurs after a minor trauma, such as scratching, rash, small cut, routine blood draw etc. causing bacteria to enter the blood stream. Flesh eating bacteria
Malaria was said to be transferred from the tropics and Africa, however, although Europeans suffered, both the indigenous populations as well as
Bubonic-characterized by painful swollen lymph nodes or ‘buboes’- is the most common form. Plague epidemics have occurred in Africa, Asia, and South America but since the 1990s, most human cases have occurred in
Malaria occurs when blood parasites of an infected mosquito are transmitted from human to human. According to an article, “A child dies every minute from malaria in Africa where it is estimated that 9 out of 10 malaria deaths occur” (“World Health,” par. 3). Africa has become known for malaria deaths, but also that it kills an African child every minute. With the majority of Africa’s population being children, they become the victims of most diseases because they have the weakest immune systems. Malaria is known as a leading cause of sickness for children.
Symptoms are nausea and vomiting, bloody diarrhea, joint and muscle aches, chest pain and cough, stomach pain and severe weight loss. “It spreads to people by contact with the skin or bodily fluids of an infected animal, like a monkey, chimp, or fruit bat. Then it moves from person to person the same way. Those who care for a sick person or bury someone who has died from the disease often get it” (Cassoobhoy, web, 2014). There is no cure for this disease so the best way to avoid getting it is to not travel to places where it is
Eradicating disease is a public health ideal that has been passed on for years and still stands today with some success stories behind it for humans and animals alike. Disease eradication is defined as the point where the permanent prevalence of infection of a disease is zero worldwide and intervention steps are not needed resulting from intentional work. There are many things to consider when identifying a disease for eradication. Dowdle states that “if the right tools were available, all infectious diseases would be eradicable” but unfortunately this is not the reality (23). There are three basic topics of criteria that have to be met for a infectious disease to be eligible to be considered for eradication efforts: biological, economic, and
Lyme Disease Causal Agent and Epidemiology Lyme disease is a rapidly growing vector-borne disease that spans North America (Edlow, 2012). This disease has an established and well-researched causal agent and epidemiology. Both of these aspects will be discussed in detail below. This disease has a huge impact on the population of North America, with reports of 20,000 diagnosed patients in 2011 (Elbaum-Garfinkle, 2011) and an estimated 300,000 people affected annually by 2013 (Berger et al., 2013). This disease has been recognized since 1975, and has continued to grow in incidence and impact since its initial discovery.
All businesses have to comply with The Health and Safety Executive (UK Government body) and complete Risk Assessments to ensure the safety of their staff and customers. A Risk Assessment looks at a normal day working activities and considers what could go wrong and encourages the employer to look at measures to protect the employee/customer and to have a plan of action should anything go wrong. These assessments are regularly revisited and updated as necessary. As a practice dealing with veterinary medication and equipment that can be hazardous to human health we also need to comply with the following boards; •
Transmission occurs in large areas of Africa, central and South America, the Caribbean, Asia, Eastern Europe and the South Pacific. The body’s natural defence mechanisms that fight malarial parasites are more common in populations of people, that are continually exposed to the parasite. Also for individuals with inherited conditions such as sickle cell anaemia and Thalassaemia, which are in fact conditions in which cause abnormalities in the red blood cells. It is also found within people that come from regions impacted by malaria.
The natural ecology of malaria involves malaria parasites infecting in succession two types of hosts: humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. (Cdc.gov, 2016) Humans are the only important reservoir that transmit human malaria. In humans, firstly the parasites will grow and multiply in the liver cells and then in the red cells of the blood. In the blood stream, the parasites grow inside the red cells and destroys them, releasing merozoites that continue the cycle by invading other red blood cells.