CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
Diffuse Large B- Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) has affected so many people all over the world including Malaysia with more than 3000 cases of lymphoma occur annually and almost 90% of the cases are Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma (Chye, Rampal, & Yahaya, 2008). The diagnosis and treatment strategies for this lymphoma are complicated since it is further divided into several subtypes which complicate the prognosis. In addition, DLBCL requires attention in term of its management that includes choice of treatment and the economic capacity of patients. Combination of Rituximab with Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy regimen is the best medication used to cure DLBCL (Gan et
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B-cell lymphoma occurs when there is transformation of normal B cells during different stages of differentiation. It also could occurs due to transformation from less aggressive lymphoma like follicular lymphoma. Diffuse Large B- cell Lymphoma contributes to major cases of Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) and it is aggressive in term of its behavior, which cover for almost 40% of all NHL cases (Gan et al., 2014). DLBCL is the common lymphoid malignancy that affect the development of B-cells. The disorder resulted in the uncontrollable division of aggressive, large mature B-cells which could be dangerous (Fadhilah, 2009). The immature B-cells keeps dividing and could fill the spaces in healthy tissues and well as other …show more content…
The abundance of gene might vary depending on where the gene is located in the tissue, which then might affect the credibility of the results. Apart from that, the gene expression level could be different in different states or condition of the tissues, where treatment could be one of the factors that contribute to the difference. The changes in gene expression could indicate the progression of the cancer (Coutinho, 2013). Lastly, Gary et al. (2008) also added that particular mechanisms can alter the expression of gene in the tissue and hence, affect the reliability of the method used. Certain gene could probably be highly expressed in normal tissue, but otherwise in tumor tissue due to certain genetic or epigenetic mechanism (Pike et al., 2008). Gene expression analysis also helps to differentiate expression of certain genes in cancer and non-cancer tissue
Per Pauline and Terence, you overlooked quite a few things such as (1) 2 chemo patients with the incorrect treatment dates, (2) hamp1/hamp2
Nicholas Navin Laboratory. Where I helped his graduate student, Marco Leung in the research project “Investigating Cell Line Heterogeneity and Clonal Interaction in Breast and Colon Cancer Cell Line.” Understanding tumor heterogeneity and clonal interactions is of great importance in cancer research, because it can help in the development better diagnostic procedures and treatments for cancer patients. Dr. Navin increased my interest in cancer genetics, because thanks to him I learned more of the genetic processes involved in tumor development, tumor heterogeneity and metastasis. Additionally, under Dr. Navin’s mentoring I learn about cell culture, understanding heatmap and copy number profile.
T cells are produced to attack the antigens of tumors and B cells are produced to make antibodies that are specific to the antigens of a tumor. An older individual’s immune system could react at a slower
The most apparent symptom of Hodgkin disease is a lump near one of the major locations of lymph nodes such as the neck, groin, or armpit. A lump in any of these three locations are also a common symptom in many other cancers or even just a symptom of infection. The article continues stating there are other symptoms of Hodgkin disease, including fever, night sweats, weight loss, itchy skin, being tired, loss of appetite, coughing, troubling breathing, and chest pain. Many of these symptoms lead to the diagnosis of the
Touring the Tulsa Cancer Institute treatment floor I saw a variety of cancers, they include; lung, bladder, and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. The type of cancer I primarily focused on was Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. I was not present when the nurse first assessed the patient, but whenever he had a new medication to hang the nurse would always make sure that the medication matched the name on his ID bracelet and his MAR. My patient has Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and his primary treatment is chemotherapy. Before determining what type of chemotherapy my patient would receive he had to go through a variety of testing.
When one has this disease it means that your immune system which fights off bacteria, infection, and germs, your body has a harder time at protecting itself. Everyone’s body produces protein or B cells which are known as antibodies, it defends the body from viruses. Since lupus is an autoimmune disease, it is very hard to tell the difference between invaders and
This disease is characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells, known as granulocytes, in the bone marrow. This disease rarely occurs in children, it usually affects middle aged individuals. As in most other Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, this is a result of the body telling the blood stem cells to keep developing into a specific blood cell, in this case they are the granulocytes. This is abnormal and eventually these granulocytes will over crowd the red blood cells and the platelets in the bone marrow, not allowing room or healthy development of other white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This may cause anemia or infection.
It is evident that patients with Hodgkin’s disease are at an increased risk for secondary cancers such as leukemia, and that may be associated with exposure to chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination of the two therapies. These medical chemotherapy regimens that are given as an initial treatment for HD include MOPP, which are mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone. ADVB, which is Adriamycin, bleomycin, and vinblastine and dacarbazine are also medications for treatment of the disease. Stanford V includes doxorubicin, vinblastine, mustard, bleomycin, vincristine, etoposide, and prednisone. BEACOPP include bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone.
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma breast cancer can be detected through a physical examination by a doctor. The physician may locate a small lump, this lump, however, is not usually noticeable. A mammography can also pin point if the patient has IDC cancer. In mammography the detection of IDC is due to calcium specks known as Microcalcifications created in old cancer cells.
Patients treated with rituximab were observed to have increased survival as well as quality adjusted survival resulting in high value of utility and also low death rate. Treatment with rituximab furthermore delays the time period until patients require successive chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For patients with progressed and unprogressed states, utility scores were 0.805 and 0.618 respectively which was obtained by EQ-5D questionnaire. The incremental cost per quality of life gained associated with R-FC in patients who were previously untreated was found out to be A$36,131 which was lower than in relapsed/refractory patients (A$41,645). The use of rituximab in untreated patients was found to be more cost effective when compared to relapse/refractory patients.
Cancer Research Project By: Kelly Reese Cancer is the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancer has affected 13.7 million people since 2012. It affects people and animals in different ways. This disease makes people ill and can even cause death. Even though the cells are in everyone’s bodies you may never become sick with this disease.
POST BIOPSY OBSERVATION No specific monitoring is required following an uncomplicated biopsy procedure. Most complications are known to occur within one hour of the procedure, therefore patient was kept in the hospital for at least one hour or longer if pneumothorax occurred. Chest radiographs are reviewed by radiologist.
The chemotherapy includes study Velibarin or placebo 50 mg, study Carboplatin or placebo 612 on day one and study Paclitaxel 150 mg IV on days 1,8 and 15.As per patient, Mrs. T’s health history includes being hospitalized twice for depression over 30 years ago, gall bladder stones with surgery, appendix was removed, ”mini stroke” 2 years ago, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, fatty liver disease and sleep apnea. She has rheumatoid arthritis in her ankles, knees, neck and wrists. The patient has been a member of Alcoholics Anonymous(AA) for 20 years. The patient is divorced and has been living independently in an apartment in
Chemotherapy, radiation and 400 different remedies can cause