MALARIA – THE PATHOLOGICAL CYCLE
GENERAL PATHOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
B. VAN NUGTEREN
DUE DATE: 7 SEPTEMBER 2015
SUBMISSION DATE: 12 APRIL 2015
MIKAYLA VAN WELIE
201470536
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Malaria Cycle In The Body 3
Characteristics Of Plasmodium Falciparum 3
Cytoadherence 3
Innate Immune Response 4
Specific Immune Response 4
Complications 4
Cerebral Malaria 4
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 5
Kidney Function 5
Liver Function 5
Other Effects 6
Anaemia & Thrombocytopenia 6
Hypoglycaemia 6
Conclusion 7
References 8 INTRODUCTION
Malaria is a parasitic disease that causes great injury to the
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There are two main mechanisms involved in developing anaemia: increased destruction of RBCs (due to phagocytosis or immune-mediated lysis) and a decrease in the production of RBCs. Co-morbidities also play a role in RBC count. Infected RBCs rupturing is the chief cause of malarial anaemia. Phagocytosis and complement system activation are the main players of non-specific immune controlled clearance of RBCs. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators also play a role in developing anaemia. The spleen plays a large role in malarial anaemia. The spleen removes infected RBCs and excess RBCs, and therefore directly affects the degree of anaemia. Micronutrient malnutrition may also play a role in anaemia; a lack of Vitamins A and E, as well a lack of iron and zinc reduced the amount of RBCs in the blood (by affecting RBC production).
Thrombocytopenia is also common in malaria patients. It is common in the early stages of infection. It is normally caused by coagulation disturbances, platelet destruction by macrophages, anti-body mediated platelet destruction and platelet aggregation. Although common symptoms of thrombocytopenia include haemorrhagic incidents, this is rare in malaria and is only normally seen in conjunction with disseminated intravascular coagulation
On the other hand, the plasmin flows in the plasma and dissolves all fibrin forms. The degradations of fibrin are labeled as follows: E, D, Y, X, and D-dimer. E, D, Y, and X come from fibrin polymers, monomers, or fibrinogen while D-dimer comes from the cross-linked form of fibrin. The polymer form of fibrin activates the platelets, which motivates the coagulation pathway and causes thrombocytopenia. In the meantime, protein S, C, and antithrombin are lost upon the
Sickle Cell Anemia a Negative and Positive Taylor Martin University of Missouri-Columbia September 23, 2015 Sickle Cell Anemia a Negative and Positive General Purpose: To inform my audience about Sickle Cell Anemia. Specific Purpose: As a result of my speech, the audience will be informed about Sickle Cell Anemia and how it can affect people. Central Idea: Sickle Cell Anemia has some negatives but, it can also be a positive in certain areas with the malaria virus. Introduction In America 70,000 to with sickle cell trait Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder that affects red blood cells.
Malaria was said to be transferred from the tropics and Africa, however, although Europeans suffered, both the indigenous populations as well as
What are the primary pieces of evidence from the CBC that point to this diagnosis? Anemia is a condition that develops when a person’s blood lacks enough healthy RBC or hemoglobin. The effect is an insufficient amount of oxygen to the tissues. In Harold’s case, the main parts of evidence from the CBC include the low RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalmin) is a water soluble vitamin and plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and in the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin B12 deficiency can occur if the body does not absorb enough vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract or when there is not enough dietary intake of the vitamin. One common cause of deficiency is as a result of pernicious anaemia which is an autoimmune disorder that results in inflammation and damage to the stomach lining, and loss of parietal cells. The parietal cells produce intrinsic factor, a protein needed for absorption of Vitamin B12 in the gut.
Leukocytosis; the blood contains to many white cells (infection causes an increase of white blood cells) 6. Sideropenia is when the body doesn’t have enough iron. 7. Hemothorax is when blood occurs in the pleural cavity. 8.
K&U5- Diagnosis of malaria Early and accurate detection of malaria is required to make sure that the patient is treated in time and also to prevent further spread of infection within the neighbourhood through local mosquitoes. If diagnosis and treatment is delayed, it may increase the chance of death of the patient, therefore malaria should be treated as a possible medical emergency and health practitioners should know how to diagnose and treat malaria instantly. A health practitioner should know what the signs and symptoms are of a patient infected with malaria.
Due to a poor immune system, children are dying of malaria and tetanus. The main cause of childhood malnutrition
Sickle hemoglobin also can form stiff rods within the red blood cells which causes the cell to take a sickle (crescent) shape. The cells shape does not change easy so they tend to burst. If the cells have a lack of oxygen it can lead to attacks on the cell which cause severe pain that might require hospitalization. The lack of oxygen can also cause serious damage to the organs such as the heart, brain, eyes, skin etcetera. Sickle cell anemia can also cause the body’s immune system to become weak which makes the body more susceptible to infections and fever.
It is a parasitic disease that involves high fevers, shaking chills, flu like symptoms and anemia. In this essay, I will compare what malaria was like during The Revolutionary War and what it is like now, in the modern age. The word “Malaria” derives from from the Italian for “bad air”. During the revolutionary war, Malaria was all over the American South.
Iron deficiency is called anemia. A person who is anemic gets tired very easily and may faint at times. The face of an anemic person is often pale and the person always feels weak. They have frequent hair loss and suffer from lack of concentration. Why are women at a higher risk of iron deficiency?
A poor diet can affect children’s health and development in short term causing a poor immune system. The body finds it difficult to fighting off colds and other infections. Anaemia: Anaemia is a disease caused by iron deficiency.
Degradation of fibrin is termed fibrinolysis. The fibrinolytic pathway is a complex physiological pathway controlled by action of a series of cofactors, inhibitors, receptors. Dysregulation of this pathway is associated with different pathologies (e.g. coagulopathies, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or congenital bleeding disorders). Degradation of fibrin is performed by serine protease plasmin, which is present in blood as a proenzyme, plasminogen, and needs to be activated by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase. Disturbance in haemostasis with abnormal bleeding may be caused by thromocytopenia, platelet function disorder, or defects in blood coagulation.
Personal Statement A frail little girl, who had contracted Malaria upon leaving her country of Nigeria, arrived to America with her family in the year 1996. That little girl was me. Upon my arrival, I received immense care and support from the doctors and nurses of Oakland 's Children 's Hospital. My doctors informed my parents that we came to America just in time to receive proper treatment.
Malaria is the most common disease in third world countries with a tropical climate; the disease is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. In the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells. Symptoms of malaria include fever, headache, and vomiting, and usually appear between 10 and 15 days after the mosquito bite. If not treated, malaria can quickly become life-threatening by disrupting the blood supply to vital organs. In many parts of the world, the parasites have developed resistance to a number of malaria medicines.