Mangrove Literature Review

2.0 Literature review
2.1 Mangroves Mangrove forests shapes one of the main wetland types in Peninsular Malaysia, which is known as one of the basic key life sustaining systems in the world. The significance of mangrove forests is where it plays a role more than a habitat for many endangered flora and fauna species (Jusoff, K. & Bin Hj Taha, D, 2009). This study will be conducted on marine aquatic resources that rely on mangrove rehabilitation program specifically situated in Kuala Sepetang, Perak. The marine aquatic resources are basically being dependable on the sources that are provided by the mangrove trees. At the end of the twentieth century, the concern of science began to focus on the revolutionary loss of naturally occurring

Generally, mangroves are trees that tolerant to salts, which is also referred as halophytes which are found in harsh conditions near coastal area. They adapt themselves to low oxygen which is anoxic conditions of saturated mud. Mangrove forests are basically intertidal habitats that exist around the world in the tropics with sheltered and also shallow water near coastal areas. Mangrove roots play a role as a home to terrestrial plants as well as invertebrates, vertebrates, algae and also marine plants. Mangroves exist as a habitat for a large variety of species which occurs in high densities. Mangroves are also fertile habitats and may help coastal fisheries for shrimps and also fishes (Manson et al., 2005). Mangroves are vital for many reasons, such as aquaculture, agriculture, forestry and also as a protection against shoreline and coastal erosion. They also function as a source of building material and fire-wood. Other than that, they also sustain significant environmental challenges such as storm damage which have done damages to the world such as hurricanes, cyclones, tidal bones and tsunamis and also sea-level rise. Besides that, absence or less

More than 50% of world’s mangroves is already been removed (World Resources Institute, 1996). Mangroves basically occupy 275% of tropical coasts (Farnsworth & Ellison, 1997), but now they only occupy 225% of world’s tropical coastlines and inlets (World Resources Institute, 1996). Animals which are found in mangrove environments include many species of marine organisms which will be clinging to its bark. Anchored in mud, the roots are basically covered with creatures such as oysters, barnacles, crabs, sponges and anemones (Naylor et al., 2000). Roles of mangroves as life-support systems are to sustain mollusc, shrimp, and fish aquaculture. Other than that, land based pond farming of crustaceans and fish in former mangrove areas have been a long tradition in many countries (Schuster, 1952; Rönnbäck, 1999). Mainly fisheries also very frequent and rapid in mangrove area. A positive relationship between near shore yields of shrimp and fish and mangrove area have been recorded (Camacho and Bagarinao, 1986; Martosubroto and Naamin, 1977; Rönnbäck, 1999). Capture fisheries production is believed to establish major value of marketed products from an unexplored mangrove forest and the sustainability to commercial, subsistence and recreational fisheries is well recorded (Hamilton et al.1989; Rönnbäck, 1999). For example, 80% of every marine species of