Mary Ainsworth's Attachment Theory

“Aside from stress, there are two alternative hypotheses for why partnership instability might be associated with children’s behavior problems” (McLanahan and Osborne, 2007). The first hypothesis is the selection hypothesis which place both partnership and instability and the child behavior problems together. For instance, a parent can have psychological problems and find it difficult for him/her to maintain it, and his/her child can display more behavior problems. The second hypothesis is the reverse causality, and this is when parents have a child who has a serious behavior problem that can cause more partnership instability. In addition to this, parents raising a child without being married is similar to parents who are divorced.

Avoidant adults are uncomfortable with closeness, trusting partners difficult and are uncomfortable with intimacy. Based on attachment theory, Kobak and Sceery (1 988) postulated that one’s history of regulating distress (i.e., coping) with childhood attachment figures will also carry over into adulthood. Infant separations from the attachment figure (mother) can be viewed as the first experience of coping with stress. If the childhood attachment figure has been responsive (secure), then distress can be regulated with active seeking of comfort and support if the attachment figures are not always responsive (anxious/ambivalent, avoidant), then other ways of coping must be used. Secure individuals because of their positive attachment history, effectively regulates negative affect; they acknowledge distress and turn to others for support in times of need.

The Impacts of Evidence-Based Practice on Service Provision for Children Placed in Foster Care Children in the United States who have been abused or neglected by their parents or caregivers are commonly put into the foster care system, a system designed, at its best, to provide a safe alternative to the child’s home while legal decisions or made or during attempts at family reunification. In many cases, children in the foster care system have come from homes in which child abuse and neglect are prevalent and may have experienced significant adverse events, including substance abuse, childhood sexual abuse, domestic violence, and physical violence. Unfortunately, the foster care system is an imperfect arrangement. It is not uncommon for children who are put into this system to experience additional adverse events while living outside of the abusive or neglectful homes. Children placed in foster care often experience things that have a lasting impact on their psychological and social functioning.

According to Bronfenbrenner (1979), the mesosystem includes of the processes and relations that occur between at least one setting containing the developing individual; examples include the relations between schools and home, and workplace and school. If a child is abused and neglected or is not given good quality care at home by parents the child will have difficulties in interacting or forming positive relations with teachers easily at school because of the rejection at home they will reject teacher-student relationship and this hinders the child growth compared to child who is given good quality child care the child’s caregivers take an active role in a child’s school, such as going to parent-teacher conferences and watching their child’s soccer games, this will help ensure the child’s overall growth. Since the child can’t form positive relations with teachers it will affect the child because they won’t be able to given the child the required

Within many of these relationships the parents simply cannot provide enough time to their children to meet in entirety their attachment needs. Long discussed in his article disorganized attachment relationships in infants of adolescent mothers and factors that may augment positive outcomes how adolescent mothers’ due to their own young age and lack of maturity develop unclear lines of their own roles as mothers resulting in a very unorganized relationship with their child. Such disorganized relationships can result in an unreliable parent child relationship. Children of young mothers who act in this way will develop an expectation for little and far in between care. Similarly, children with incarcerated parents develop these same expectations.

Physical and emotional abuse, including social ostracism, has short-term and long-term consequences for the mental and physical health of individuals who are the victims of it. The experience of abuse makes a child more likely to be affected by stressful environment and leads to a number of physical problems. In addition to this, child abuse negatively influences children 's cognitive skills, their ability to concentrate and participate in social situations. Some people might, however, believe that the hardship that an individual might overcome in his or her childhood might, in fact, positively influence his or her assertiveness and inner strength. The experience of abuse will not make a child stronger or more resistant to external social influences.

This will be supported with a reference to attachment theory. Attachment theory established an infant 's earliest relationship with their primary caregiver shaped their development and reflects on their self-esteem (Bowlby, 129), according to Bowlby, the development of attachment affected by the relationship with the caregiver in early age (birth to age 6 weeks), and then the child grows older and begin to understand his parent 's feelings. Also, he needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for the child 's successful social, psychological, and emotional development. In insecure or avoidant attachment the infant is "indifferent and seems to avoid the mother or the primary caregiver, they are as

Structure with Children is an important thing for a child to have in their life. Without it they will not really know right from wrong. They will not have the right guidance that they need in their life to make good decisions. “Consistency, predictability, and follow-through are important for creating structure in the home.” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.) In “Welding with Children”, “Paul’s Case”, and “American Dropout” they all give examples of bad parenting structure, good structure and how it will effect their future.

I. Adoption A. Hook B. Ladder C. The large number of children who need love love ones through adoption is a social injustice because these children defence to have home. Many children who are lonely needs a family who can be loved and protected and the Gladney Center of Adoption works to address this issue by placing children who are without a home with foster families. II.

Hurtful environments are any type of environment that may cause distressing conditions. This could be anything from neglect, low levels of affection, belittling, and sometimes violence. One important aspect of environment is family, specifically family communication and affection. The article by Hesse, Rauscher, Roberts, & Ortega (2014) explained that family communication climate can affect how parents and children alike deal with relationships both inside and outside of their family. When individuals do not know how to create affectionate relationships within a family unit, creating relationships outside of a family