INTRODUCTION
Suleri maintains in Meatless Days that women are assigned different social roles in the third world. They live by those roles but still they are “others” as they do not belong to places, for they are not only different in their structures but also in their feelings, conduct, emotions and lives. Whereas men live in places women live in bodies and that differentiation is sufficient to mark their “otherness”
“I’ve lived many years as an otherness machine and had more than my fair share of being other” (p.158)
This statement reverberates the feminist theory of Kristeva (1981). She opines that to be named as woman means some kind of isolation .That name “woman “ in itself has that peculiar concept of otherness in it. Woman is “other” she lives no where but in her body. (Kristeva, Women’s Times: 223) In the same essay she maintains and questions the relativity of the term woman as this term is both symbolic and biological (225). While reading this line I asked myself what kind of otherness this possibly can be. The explanation for this I found in Beauvoir’s The Second Sex (1953). Beauvoir, too, takes existentialist view on women. In her The Second Sex I found reiteration of the fact that men and women belong to probably the same world but with a difference, whereas men’s world is a self-defined and self-explained
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One could argue that in relation to the Welsh poets studied in my thesis, the strategy of denying a Welsh selfhood has similar qualities. It interrogates the subject’s identity; it challenges the notion of ‘home’ and ‘belonging’; and it reaches towards the unspeakable, silence and the
With The Second Sex, Beauvoir wrote what is now considered to be the bible for second wave feminism, introducing revolutionary ideas that spurred on feminists for generations to come. Beauvoir draws parallels with oppressions of blacks and jews, with a significant difference: women struggle to create solidarity or separatist groups due to the vastness of their issue, and yet depend on men for a sense of accomplishment, companionship, and economic stability, under concepts created by the patriarchy. “One is not born but becomes a woman” She was the first to say on a broad scale that physical differences don’t explain social differences when it pertains to gender, something that is an integral and base platform for all feminism since
" Women are looked at as for reproduction purposes or sexual consumption for males. Another quote from the essay, “The darker woman was
Gender ideologies are used to “rationalize the social hierarchy and inequities in the freedom of individuals to make choices about their lives and to influence others. Nowhere is this clearer than in Bedouin gender ideology… the network of values associated with autonomy is generally associated with masculinity” (118). Men are often affiliated with 'autonomy ' and women with 'dependency '. This notion depicts the social hierarchy assimilated within society of the Bedouins. Customarily, within the confines of economic and social systems incorporated into the society, women are seen as dependents, being conclusively reliant upon the male senior provider within their direct nuclear family.
Published in 2006, Queer Phenomenology emphasizes the consideration of numerous identities and clearly explains how this applies to race, class, and sexuality. Although not technically intersectionality, Ahmed’s examination of intersecting lines reflects the conscious effort made by queer and feminist theorists since the end of the twentieth century. In comparison, phenomenology, on which she bases her entire theory, comes out of existentialism. This too has a deep historical connection to feminist and queer theory, since it was from this philosophy that Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second Sex. Ahmed reflects on numerous feminist theorists, such as Judith Butler, as well as historical philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant.
He continues with talking about how women feel inferior to men, but he argues that it may not be as big of an issue as some feminist groups make it out to be. Lastly, he brings to the reader’s attention that differences are
Using his poems, the poet attempts to establish that one’s identity is shaped from the difficulties they go through. Feliks Skrzynecki highlights how identity is formed
Following this trend, Joan Wallach Scott’s Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man attempts to understand French feminism by reading for paradoxes within the actions and doctrines of prominent female activists of women’s rights like Olympe de Gouges in 1789, Jeanne Deroin in 1848, Hubertine Auclert during the Third Republic, and Madeline Pelletier in the 20th century. Scott argues that “feminist agency is paradoxical in its expression” and it is “an effect of ambiguities, inconsistencies, contradictions within particular epistemologies.” This paradox, she claims, is that women who argued for female inclusion in politics were forced to both deny and emphasize sexual difference; in order to justify women enjoying the
Both authors write about the North American ideal of the female body and what it 's purpose is within that society. Atwood describes the female body as “...made of transparent plastic that lights up when you plug it in” (Atwood 211). This description gives light to just how unrealistic and fake the ideal for female body is. Logic follows that because most females are made of flesh, bone, fat and other organic materials, it is therefore impossible for anyone of them to reach what is the ideal of being female. Similarly, Lau writes “I wanted to trick my body back into childhood by starving it...”
Maddy Pierick Miss. Murphy English IV 5 Jan. 2023 Feminist Lens The 1500s were considered the Elizabethan era. Elizabethan society was quite patriarchal; women were considered the “weaker sex” and always in need of protection. Women were married off at an early age and had one main purpose, childbearing.
As with all theories, this feminist approach to Louise Halfe’s “Body Politics” does not come without its flaws. While it can be argued that this poem criticizes the performativity of feminine gender roles in a patriarchal society, this cannot be proven definitively without knowing the author’s original intentions. Furthermore, the poem does not give its readers enough information to conclude that the society the women live in is in fact a patriarchal society. This becomes evident, as there is no reference to any masculine figure – so any assumptions about the masculine-dominant culture are purely speculative. It is possible that Halfe wrote this poem in an attempt to challenge the gender binary, however one stands to question how successfully she is in doing so.
In her 1975 article, “Feminism in the French Revolution,” Jane Abray provides a dismissive view of women’s movements during the Revolution. In the article, Abray emphasizes the failures of revolutionary feminism. In her opinion, the most compelling reason for revolutionary feminism’s failure was that it was a minority interest that remained inaccessible to the majority of French women who accepted their inferior status to men. Abray suggests additional reasons for the movement’s “abject failure,” including its inability to garner support from the male leaders of the Revolution, the disreputable characters of the feminist leaders, the strategic errors made by the movement’s leaders, and a “spirit of the times” that emphasized the nuclear family
Through the weaving together of these voices Brennan is able to analyze Sosua from a transnational scale and chooses to draw from the tradition of ethnography in shaping her work. As George Marcus and Michael Fischer have demonstrated ethnography must be treated as a “form of representational literature”, wherein the anthropologist must “move forward by writing in the ironic mode” (Marcus & Fischer 443). In light of this information Brennan attempts to avoid literary plotting and rhetorics of romance, tragedy, and comedy by constantly reminding the viewer that “very few women ever make it out of poverty”, only some women “break even” and that some may be “worse off after coming to Sosua” (Brennan 20, 56,
Women in Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451 Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451 are dystopian novels written by Aldous Huxley and Ray Bradbury. In Brave New World, science has developed to the point where babies are “decanted” from bottles in laboratories, and are conditioned according to the society’s caste system which ranges from Alphas to Epsilons. Through manipulating embryos, conditioning children in their sleep, and keeping the adults happy with a drug called “soma”, peace is maintained. The main character, Bernard Marx, is and “Alpha” by his conditioning and inferior to other Alphas physically. He is insecure and lonely, compared to the rest of the society, because he feels that he does not belong.
A Heaney Commentary Heaney’s collection of poems, North, solidifies the connection between myth, history, and the modern conflict in Northern Ireland. As a native from Ulster, the county where the conflicts spurred, Heaney feels responsible in trying to cease the violence of the ongoing war through paper and pen. The poet delves deeply into the history of his people with hopes to find redemption for his ancestors’ sins, and an epiphany to the violence enclosing him. The Grauballe Man, a literary composition from North, meticulously scrutinizes the iconic ‘bog body’ on display and presents his response towards the violence and chaos revealed in the piece of artifact. Exposure, the final poem from the collection, seeks to answer the fundamental question about the adequacy of his poems as he retires to Wicklow: was his attempt to impact the ‘The Troubles’ enough to hold the line against the violence and brutality of what is happening in Ulster.
One example Mohanty provides in which “women” is used as a category of analysis is in the research of Perdita Huston, where she describes women in the Third World countries have "needs and problems, but few if any have choices or the freedom to act” (30). Mohanty argues that the usage of “women” in this context is problematic because the statement assumes that there is a universal unity for women, and ignores the differences among various ethnic groups and their history. The historical backgrounds become much more complex for women from different countries and it leads to varying views. For the conclusion, she revisited the first few chapters after sixteen years they were published and addresses responses from others on her essays. She further on instills the ideas of how feminism should be intersectional for all groups and not just for a select few.