oil mole ratio (1:6 to 1:24). The synthesis of methyl esters were achieved by an autoclave nitrogen pressurized reactor equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a thermocouple.42 A maximum yield (97%) of methyl ester was obtained at a temperature of 180 °C, 1:15 molar ratio of methanol and oil for a reaction period of 2 hours. The 3 wt% of catalyst amount and 350-360 min-1 agitation speed were fixed respectively to obtain good yields.
2.13. Esterification of free fatty acids in crude palm oil
The production of biodiesel from the crude palm oil by the conventional method, using the homogeneous base catalyst contains large amounts of free fatty acid and it also results in the soap formation and thereby reducing the yield of biodiesel. To overcome these problems the free fatty acids need to be esterified to their esters by using an acid catalyst prior to alkaline catalysed transesterification. The sulfated metal oxide was found to be the best catalyst for this purpose due to its high acidic
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At the temperatures 400, 500, and 600 °C, the so prepared sulfated tin oxide catalysts were calcinated. These catalysts were analyzed in the solvent free synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin from ethylacetoacetate:resorcinol (molar ratio 2: 1) at 120 °C by using the Pechmann condensation methodology.49 The FT-IR spectra in pyridine of these catalysts clearly indicated the existance of the Lewis acid sites and the Bronsted acid sites on the surface of the catalyst. It was also observed that the percentage of yield of product increased with increase in the acidity of the catalyst surface. By mainitaining a calcination temperature of 400 °C and 25 weight percentage sulfate content a maximum yield of the 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin was obtained as shown in the Scheme
Observations The purpose of this experiment was to be able to synthesize triphenylmethyl bromide from triphenylmethanol by a trityl carbocation intermediate. During the experiment, 0.100 g of triphenylmethanol was placed into a small test tube. The triphenylmethanol looked like a white powder. Next 2 mL of acetic acid was added to the test tube and the solution turned a cloudy white color.
Of course, the various sources of error have affected the results from this lab. Since the initial mass of eggs used was different for each group, the experimenters had to find the percent change in mass to keep the results constant. To conclude, when the eggs were placed in a corn syrup solution with more solute, their masses steadily decreased. The inside of the eggs have a lower solute concentration than the corn syrup solution outside the cell. Water within the eggs flow outwards through the membrane to the syrup solution, decreasing the solute concentration.
Unknown Lab Report Unknown # 25 By: Jenna Riordan March 19, 2018 Bio 2843 1. Introduction Microbiology is the study of microorganisms found in all different environments throughout Earth, from the hot thermal vents at the bottom of the ocean to the ice at the top of a mountain.
The lab started off by measuring critical materials for the lab: the mass of an an empty 100 mL beaker, mass of beaker and copper chloride together(52.30 g), and the mass of three iron nails(2.73 g). The goal of this experiment is to determine the number of moles of copper and iron that would be produced in the reaction of iron and copper(II) chloride, the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and the percent yield of copper produced. 2.00 grams of copper(II) chloride was added in the beaker to mix with 15 mL of distilled water. Then, three dry nails are placed in the copper(II) chloride solution for approximately 25 minutes. The three nails have to be scraped clean by sandpaper to make the surface of the nail shiny; if the nails are not clean, then some unknown substances might accidentally mix into the reaction and cause variations of the result.
ST Report In the experiment, the problem was the contaminants that were affecting the quality of the water samples. To fix this issue, three scientists had to determine the contaminants that were present in the samples. One sample was from the school sink and the second sample was from an unknown source. The scientists conducted many tests to figure out what pollutants were present in the water.
There are three main types of ester hydrolysis reactions: base-facilitated hydrolysis (saponification), acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (with the reverse reaction the Fischer Esterification), and enzymatic hydrolysis, triggered by lipases. Base-facilitated hydrolysis generally uses aqueous NaOH as a reagent, providing the base that attacks the carbonyl and begins the hydrolysis. Saponification hydrolyzes esters into carboxylic acids or fatty acids and alcohols. This has been used for thousands of years to produce soap from fatty acids as the salts produced from saponification can dissolve fats, surrounding them with micelles and allowing them to be easily removed with water1. It can also be used to produce glycerol from triglycerides.
The reaction to synthesize benzocaine was known as a Fisher esterification reaction. The Fisher esterification was reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid in the presence of acid. The reaction was used to form an ester. In the experiment, sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst and necessary for this reaction to occur. There was a change between the –OH group of carboxylic acid to an –OCH2CH3 group in the reaction.
I. Purpose: To experimentally determine the mass and the mole content of a measured sample. II. Materials: The materials used in this experiment a 50-mL beaker, 12 samples, a balance and paper towels. III.
Elijah Brycth B. Jarlos IX-Argon 1. Multicellularity is a condition of an organism to have multicellular cells. An example of a organism who has multicellular cells are plants, animals, and humans. The main reason of why scientists have a hard time finding a good set of existing organisms to compare. Is neither the first set of organisms which is being compared is dying as fast as the second specimen is being examined or they just can’t find the right species.
Unknown Lab Report Mikee Lianne Gonzales Biol 351- 1005 Holly Martin Unknown: # 76 Abstract This report is about identifying the respective genus of the given unknown organism. The goal is to show and prove the student’s understanding of microbiology and laboratory learned experimental techniques.
Abstract – Methyl trans-cinnamate is an ester that contributes to the aroma of strawberry. It can be synthesized by an acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification of a methanol and trans-cinnamic acid under reflux. The solution was extracted to obtain the organic product, and evaporated residual solvent The yield was 68%, but there is some conflicting data regarding the purity. The melting point, IR, GC-MS indicate a highly pure desired product whereas 1H NMR shows there are unreacted reagents still present.
If the sample to be analyzed is non-volatile, the techniques of derivatization or pyrolysis GC can be utilized. Gas chromatography (GC) has been an indispensable analytical technique in the application of fatty acid determinations in oilseed plant breeding, biosynthesis, and human metabolism. As well as the characterization of complex mixtures of geometric isomers when combined with other chromatographic separations and spectroscopic identification. Plant cultivators utilize GC as a more accurate and fast method to evaluate the differences and inheritance of fatty acids in oilseed crops such as rapeseed. flaxseed, and safflower.
Experiment #7: Column Chromatography of Food Dye Arianne Jan D. Tuozo Mr. Carlos Edward B. Santos October 12, 2015 Abstract Column chromatography is the separation of mixture’s components through a column. Before proceeding with the column chromatography itself, a proper solvent system must be chosen among the different solvents. The green colored food dye is the mixture whose components are separated.
Introduction The term chromatography actually means colour writing, and signifies a technique by which the substance to be examined is placed in a vertical glass tube containing an adsorbent, the different segments of the substance traveling through the adsorbent at distinctive rates of velocity, according to their degree of attraction to it, and producing bands of colour at different levels of the adsorption column. The substances least absorbed emerge earliest; those more strongly absorbed emerge later. (Wixom et al., 2011) In chromatography of all types, there is a mobile phase and a stationary phase.
Abstract The unknown concentration of benzoic acid used when titrated with standardized 0.1031M NaOH and the solubility was calculated at two different temperatures (20◦C and 30◦C). With the aid of the Van’t Hoff equation, the enthalpy of solution of benzoic acid at those temperatures was determined as 10.82 KJ. This compares well with the value of 10.27KJ found in the literature.