In part 1, the 5 fuels, commercial biodiesel, methyl linoleate, 2-Butanol, Methanol, and Ethanol, were divided among five groups. Each group prepared 6 petri dishes; each dish fitted with a layer of filter paper, 30 seeds, and then another layer of filter paper on top. In preparation for the biodiesel methyl linoleate, 2.25 mL of the biodiesel along with 17.75 mL of water were used to make 20 mL of 10% biodiesel. This amount was split in half 4 times using a graduated cylinder and the appropriate amount of deionized water were added to make 10 mL each of 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, and .63% of biodiesel solution. These were poured into the 5 appropriately labeled petri dish; the control dish got 10 mL of DI water. The dishes were wrapped in aluminum (the biodiesel would corrode the parafilm) and stored for a week. Then, they were unwrapped; the number of sprouted seeds in each dish were counted. …show more content…
It was then stored until extraction. During extraction, the bottom glycerol layer was pipetted out and saved. 5 mL of 1M NaCl (aq) wash was done twice to remove the leftover glycerol, methanol, and NaOH. Then MgSO4 were added until it was free moving, effectively removing all the water. The remaining biodiesel was vacuum filtered with a set-up of a side arm flash, Buchner funnel, rubber adapter, and rubber
After a week, the beans were collected and the number of eggs on each bean was counted
A new oral pharmaceutical drug for type- two diabetes had been approved for clinical use, it was called Compound 17392. Marketing companies instantly wanted to have prescribers adopt and sell the product and researchers wanted to further investigate previous reports of liver toxicity in patients. Now since paying patients to try new pharmaceutical drugs was an issue due to it appearing to interfere with clinical judgement and upholding the duty to do what is best for the patient, a new idea of furthering research for the drug came into play. The idea included recruiting a group of physicians who were in the top ten percent of prescribers for type-two diabetes. Following regulations put in place by researchers, these physicians were to enter eligible patients into the trial for Compound
Also notable, was that a good amount of the seeds did not sprout or show a visible
One pair had a 50:50 mixture of cyclohexane: toluene while the other pair had a 50:50 mixture of cyclohexane: p-xylene. For both distillations, we were to collect the first milliliter and the last several drops in order to run a GC for each fraction. Furthermore, for both distillations, students obtained 30ml of their designated 50:50 mixture in a 50ml round bottom flask. By properly using the simple distillation apparatus, students were able to record the temperature of the distillate, we recorded the temperature for every 1ml. Once students collected the first 1ml, the 25ml of distillate and the remaining drops, we were able to determine the mole fraction of cyclohexane by using gas chromatography.
apart. After planting and gently covering the seeds, the soil was moistened with 1 oz. of distilled water. We printed a 27 cm ruler and taped it to the inside of each cup for accurate measuring. The cups were placed in a window sill with sufficient access to sunlight.
However before railroads, tabasco sauce and other foods were shipped over water, but that took several days to several weeks so “exporters, like Edmund McIlhenny, had to preserve food products by traditional means; smoking, salting, or, as with Tabasco, the use of vinegar” (Bienvenu) After
My essay will determine if a local chemical manufacturing plant is in compliance with OSHA Methylene Chloride, specializing in paint stripper for the DOD. Occupational health standard establishes requirements for employers to control occupational exposure to methylene chloride. Exposure may occur through inhalation, by absorption through the skin, or through contact with the skin. The standard requires that the employer establish a regulated area where exposure to airborne concentrations of methylene chloride exceeds or can be expected to exceed either the PEL or the STEL. Determine if the plant is using a soy-based stripper that do not contain methylene chloride, N-methylpyrrolidone, or other toxic solvents, when it comes to paint stripping
Ethylene dichloride is a chlorinated organic compound consisting of two singly bonded carbon atoms bonded to one chlorine atom on each carbon and is assigned the CAS registry number 107-06-2scifinder. Ethylene dichloride should not be confused with 1,2-dichloroethylene which contains a double bond between the two carbons. Although a stable compound at room temperature, it does slowly decompose in the presence of oxygen and UV light turning a darker colour, and at temperatures above 340 oC it begins to decomposes forming vinyl chloride & HCL Ullmann’s & http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0271.html . Table 1 lists the basic physical and chemical properties on ethylene dichloride.
In today’s society we rely upon several types of fuels to operate various objects within our everyday lives. For instance; the vehicles we drive, operation of mechanical equipment, industrial machinery, and household utensils. There are approximately eight different types of fuels for which we use today; ethanol, natural gas, electricity, hydrogen, propane, biodiesel, methanol, and P-Series fuel. P-Series fuels are categorized in the family of renewable, non-petroleum, liquid fuels, which can be substituted for gasoline. It is a mixture of ethanol, methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF), and butane.
Another finding was that the oil at the gasoline stage was brown pinkish and for kerosene it became a grey. Procedure: Step 1: Set up the distillation apparatus. ➢ From the Equipment dropdown, select Distillation then
Distillation was the only method available at that time. In the later 1960’s, membrane processes began to take a place in the
2.5.7 Sulfur Sulfur content in biodiesel is limited to 15 ppm maximum by ASTM D6751.Therefore, it is important to know the original feedstock sulfur content since it can contribute to biodiesel sulfur content. The determination of sulfur in the feedstocks was done using ASTM D7039, Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuel by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry [10]. Sulfur analyzer manufactured by X-Ray Optical Systems Inc.is used to measure the amount of sulfur. The value of sulfur in Jatropha oil is 3.5 (ppm) in accordance with ASTM D7039. 2.5.8 Phosphorous, Calcium, and Magnesium: ASTM D6751 requires phosphorous in biodiesel be limited to 10 ppm (0.001 % mass maximum) and the combined amount
This method which uses an internal standard and flame ionisation detector, is exact and more specific than methods usually used. The gas-liquid chromatography method determines ethanol clearly and separately from the other beverage components that would have interfered in other methods, without any distillation or need for a chemical reaction. Determination of ethanol is one of the most vital routine analysis in a current winery. This method provides frequent, rapid and accurate results are needed to regulate the quality of the wine from grape to bottle, as well as for state and federal government
Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, used cooking oils, and animal fats by the production process called “trans-esterification” to convert those mixtures to the chemicals which have long chain mono alkyl esters or fatty acid methyl esters which can be used as “fuel” for vehicles. Approximately, 100 pounds of vegetable oil react with 10 pounds of alcohol (commonly methanol) in the presence of a catalyst, sodium hydroxide; later, 100 pounds of biodiesel and 10 pounds of glycerol (co-product) can be produced. For the glycerol which can be used for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Therefore, biodiesel can be considered as totally natural, alternative fuel source to be available for using in most of cases as similar as petrol or more specifically, “diesel distilled from petroleum”. Biodiesel is much safer than diesel from petroleum when biodiesel is escaped to the surrounding environment; moreover, it is much less inflammable as biodiesel’s flashpoint is 130°C as compared to petroleum diesel which is only 52°C.
However, it is well accepted that glycerol mass formation is currently achieved through the transesterification process due to the dramatic increase in the capacity of biodiesel production [4]. Biodiesel is a biodegradable and renewable fuel that comprises of fatty acid methyl esters produced by transesterification of glycerides with methanol. With the increasing in worldwide biodiesel production, resulting in a major concern on the by-product generated from of biodiesel produced by transesterification process. The market for the glycerol by-product of biodiesel production (transesterification process) was rapidly becoming saturated and created excess glycerol of less value as its supply exceeded its demand. Palm oil industry of Malaysia has historically made the country a major player in the biodiesel production that directly influences glycerol market.