Forensic psychology focuses on legal matters such as mental state examinations of criminal defendants, child custody/family law, violence risk assessment, civil law, social science research, mediation/dispute resolution, etc…But in this case, we will be focusing on the matter of “false confessions”. This is seen mainly in interrogations between the interrogator and a suspect. It is when a suspect confesses to a crime and maybe even believes they committed the crime, even though they have not. A confession would be defined as an admission of guilt, whereas a false confession is the admission of guilt by an innocent. It is a serious matter since it can incarcerate completely innocent people and ruin their lives, while leaving the real criminal, …show more content…
D. in psych, made books on psych, and is professor in psych). He did a lot of research on the Michael Crowe case to prove the theory of false confessions and even created a taxonomy of false confessions along with Lawrence Wrightsman. This consists of three types of false confessions; voluntary, compliant and internalized. The voluntary is mostly seen in cases where people are either looking for fame, a pathological need for attention or self-punishment, feelings of guilt or delusions, the perception of tangible gain, or the desire to protect someone else. For example, if someone very famous gets murdered, there may be many false confessions from people who would like the attention/are in need of it. As for compliant, a false confession is more likely to occur because the suspect would like to escape from a stressful situation, avoid punishment, or gain a promised or implied reward. For example, if the moral seriousness of the crime is minimized and the suspect is promised freedom after a confession, then someone may confess just to get out of the situation. The confession is then usually not questioned at all in the court, leaving the innocent incarcerated. Finally with an internalized false confession, interrogators use tactics to cause the vulnerable to falsely confess by putting much pressure and stress on them. This is the type of false confession seen with Michael Crowe. Now that these false confessions have been brought to light, there is an innocence project organization which helps prevent wrongful convictions by informing people and starting actions against harsh interrogation tactics. So far, there are a little over 20 states in America that record interrogations and hopefully, many more are to come. In Canada, the Supreme Court makes it clear that, “…it may seem counterintuitive that people would confess to a crime that they did not
Cruz wanted to get a 10,000 reward and ended up doing time because of the way he said things. There is 3 different type of false confessions voluntary, compliant, and internalized. In a voluntary false confession people try and confess to a crime they did not commit. People will voluntary false confess because they like the attention they receive or they feel like they deserve the time of punishment. People have also done voluntary falsely confessed because they are trying to protect someone else.
This is the main reform recommended by the Innocence Project. In order for this reform to be effective the entire interrogation must be recorded or else it will be pointless as corrupt interrogation techniques could be hidden by not recording them. Just recording the confession also avoids showing the events that led up to the confession preventing analysis of its validity. A full recording will help prove the authenticity and credibility of confessions and show the reliability of testimonies. The recording can also show whether information was unintentionally given to a suspect during questioning by the interrogators and was then repeated back to the interrogator by the suspect making them seem guilty.
In the studies conducted by Appleby and Kassin, it was reported that conviction rate went up by 20-30% with a confession, exculpatory DNA, and theory that might seem plausible was told by prosecutors (Appleby & Kassin, 2016). So far there are 19 cases known of innocent defendants that were still convicted with the exculpatory DNA because of their confessions to the authorities (Appleby & Kassin, 2016). The purpose of the article was to demonstrate the degree to which a confession, and not DNA, may be
It is unlikely that social consequences of false memories can be avoided. Elizabeth Loftus was intrigued to study false memories, and is perhaps personally responsible for subsequent developments throughout the history of false memories. Some of this history addresses various theories aimed at isolating how or why false memories occur. These include Source Monitoring Framework, Activation Monitoring Theory, Fuzzy Trace Theory, and strategies for persuasion which can lead to the development of false memory. Such persuasion leads to the present discussion concerning how persuasion in the judicial system has created false confessions and wrongful eyewitness testimonies, due to the Misinformation Effect.
After going through this process, four out of the five suspects ended up confessing to the crime, because they were led to believe they could go home if they admitted they did it. Lastly, coerced-internalized confessions typically occur if the suspect is “anxious, sleep-deprived, confused, and subjected to a highly suggestive interrogation that often includes the presentation of false evidence” (McGrath, ScienceDirect Topics). When a suspect turns to this type of confession, interrogators can spot a weakness present in the suspect and take advantage of it, leading the suspect to be under the impression that
Although I knew this to be a myth, due to today's society desire for simple answers, it does not surprise me that this myth is so widely believed. Therefore, I believe it is an important topic to be researched and analyzed. There are thousands of other sources that are able to support Lilienfeld's claim. In the article "A Rare Look at the Police Tactics That Can Lead to False Confessions" the author Gretchen Gavett explains how false confessions can be coerced out of innocent suspects.
False Confessions One of the biggest problems that our criminal justice system is facing is false confessions, whether they are coerced or done for attention. In an article written by the Innocence Project, it states "More than 1 out of every 4 people wrongfully convicted but later exonerated by DNA evidence made a false confession or incriminating statement. "(1). What would lead someone to open their lives to judgment and persecution, by confessing to a crime that they didn 't commit? There are many possible reasons, ranging from duress, ignorance when it comes to community laws, and mental impairment.
Austasia Kapteyn was jailed for giving false testimonies to police and lying to them (Ekert). The author is trying to state that people are starting to take actions on the accounts of false witnesses. A man named Mr. Lacson is trying to solve these problems with false
In other words, detectives make people believe they are lying which makes them give a false confession. Furthermore, people who are afraid during interrogations are more likely to confess to a crime they did not commit. According to Saul M. Kassin and Katherine L. Kiechel, authors and researchers of The Social Psychology of False Confessions: Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation believes intimation is the main reasons why people give false confessions (125). People who are innocent are more likely to give a false confession, because they are scared and the detectives are convincing them they have committed a crime. Therefore, manipulation and intimidation are tactics that are used to get people to confess to a crime they did not
Part One is very informational and contains the bulk of the book’s research. The information was presented in a thesis format; Loftus stated a claim and then supported her ideas with research and quotations from experts in the field of law and memory. Part One is helpful for psychologists, attorneys, and interested law people. The major principles concerning the errors in eyewitness testimony are supported by research and are accepted by psychologists (Kassin, Ellsworth, & Smith, 1989). Part One will contribute to the future of psychology by showcasing how the memory works and the different ways it is manipulated and changed: this will allow jurors and lawyers to become more wary when dealing with a traumatized
In early interrogations it was common for police officers to use physically abusive interrogation techniques such as the rubber hose to convince suspects to confess to a crime, whether they are innocent of guilty. Fred Inbau came up with a different technique that relied on presenting a large amount of fabricated or true evidence to get the suspect to confess. This technique was very effective in getting confessions, it has an 80% confession rate. Unfortunately, some of the confessions are false confessions, we do not know how many exactly. The first step of the Reid Technique, a similar coercive technique to the one Inbau devised, was to watch the suspect and determine whether or not he or she is lying during the interrogation based on behavioral analysis; which is severely flawed and does not actually help us determine if someone is lying.
The biggest issue within the Criminal Justice system is the large number of wrongful convictions, innocent people sentenced to die for crimes they did not commit. People are put in prison for years, even executed for false convictions. This affects not only those put in prison but friends and family of the accused. Wrongful convictions aren’t solely a tragedy for those directly involved either. It weakens the faith the public has for the justice system as well as poses safety issues; when innocent people are put away, the real criminals are still out there.
Furthermore, there can be several factors at play when a wrongful conviction occurs and each case is unique. Three of the more common and detrimental factors that will be explored in this essay are eyewitness error, the use of jailhouse informants and professional and institutional misconduct. Firstly, eyewitness testimony can be a major contributor to a conviction and is an important factor in wrongful conviction (Campbell & Denov, 2016, p. 227). Witness recall and, frankly, the human emory are not as reliable as previously thought. In fact there has been much research showing the problems with eyewitness testimony such as suggestive police interviewing, unconscious transference, and malleability of confidence (Campbell & Denov, 2016, p.227).
A psychology professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York, Saul Kassin stated that, “It is stressful enough to get innocent people to confess but add to that a layer of grief and shock and perhaps even some guilt.” Some factors that also contributed to these fathers’ false confessions are trauma, lack of sleep and highly manipulative interrogation techniques used by police officers. Research also show that 25 percent of wrongful convictions is caused by false confessions ("False Confessions or Admissions,"
There are ethical issues that need to be recognized in interrogation which are, the use of false evidence, the use of torture, and deceptive promises. Starting off an interrogation, police will usually comfort a suspect by giving evidence that is not true, with the intention to make the suspect end up voluntarily confessing. Giving false evidence has a number of planning’s. One with the officer telling the suspect that he or